Ananda Marga Pracaraka Samgha: Difference between revisions

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{{Infobox organization
{{Infobox organization
|name        = Ánanda Márga Pracáraka Saḿgha
|name        = Ananda Marga Pracaraka Samgha
|size        = 220px
|size        = 220px
{Infobox image}
{Infobox image}
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|membership  = Private persons
|membership  = Private persons
|language    =  
|language    =  
|leader_title = Purodhá Pramukha
|leader_title = Purodha Pramukha
|main_organ  = Central Purodhá Board
|main_organ  = Central Purodha Board
|website      = {{URL|www.anandamarga.org}}
|website      = {{URL|www.anandamarga.org}}
}}
}}
'''Ānanda'''<ref group=note>Initially a qualitative attribute of ''[[Brahmā]]'', it became, especially in ''[[Vedānta]]'', the [[consciousness]] that is free from all entanglements in ''[[samādhi]]''. It is usually found in association with ''sat'' and ''cit'', hence in the fused form, ''[[Satchidānanda]]'', Being, Consciousness, Bliss.. (Bowker, J., 2012 at the word ''Ānanda'')</ref>{{sfn|Monier Williams|2012|p=at the word ''Ānanda'': "m. joy, delight, happiness (also pl.)AV. VS. &c"}} '''Mārga'''<ref group=note>In ''[[Hinduism]]'' and ''[[Buddhism]]'', the way or path to release or enlightenment (Bowker, J., 2012 at the word ''Mārga'').</ref>{{sfn|Monier Williams|2012|p=at the word ''Mārga'': "the right way, proper course MBh. Hariv. (cf. āmārga" or "a way, manner method, custom, usage Up. Yājñ. MBh. &c"}} ([[:wikipedia:Sanskrit|Sanskrit]]: {{lang|sa|आनन्द मार्ग}} ''{{IAST|ānanda mārga}}'' "The Path of Bliss", also spelled ''Anand Marg'' and ''Ananda Marg'') or officially '''Ánanda Márga Pracáraka Saḿgha''' (''organisation for the propagation of the path of bliss'') is a [[:wikipedia:Social|socio]]-[[:wikipedia:Spirituality|spiritual]] [[:wikipedia:Organization|organisation]] and [[:wikipedia:Social movement|movement]] founded in [[:wikipedia:Jamalpur, Munger|Jamalpur]], [[:wikipedia:Bihar|Bihar]], [[:wikipedia:India|India]] in [[:wikipedia:1955]] by [[Prabhat Ranjan Sarkar]] aka Shrii Shrii Anandamurti.<ref group=note>Ánandamúrti, as he was called by his early disciples, is a sanscrit word meaning "Bliss personified".</ref> It is also the name of the [[:wikipedia:philosophy|philosophy]] and [[:wikipedia:Lifestyle (sociology)|life-style]] propounded by Sarkar, described as a practical philosophy for [[:wikipedia:personal development|personal development]], [[:wikipedia:Social work|social service]] and the all-around transformation of the society.{{sfn|Ahtrens|1982|p=6}} Its system of spiritual practice has also been explained as a practical synthesis of [[:wikipedia:Vedas|Vedic]] and [[:wikipedia:Tantra|Tantric]] philosophies.{{sfn|Ishwaran|1999|p=9}}
'''Ananda Marga Pracaraka Samgha''' (''society for the propagation of [[Ananda Marga]]''), sometimes abbreviated as '''AMPS''', is the foundation of [[Prabhat Ranjan Sarkar]] for which he is best known.  Sarkar founded this socio-spiritual organization in [[:wikipedia:Jamalpur, Munger|Jamalpur]], [[:wikipedia:Bihar|Bihar]], [[:wikipedia:India|India]] in 1955.  


== History ==
== History ==
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[[Image:Ac Vishvadevananda Avt.png|thumb|right|160px|Acarya Vishvadevananda Avadhuta, current President of Ananda Marga Pracaraka Samgha]]
[[Image:Ac Vishvadevananda Avt.png|thumb|right|160px|Acarya Vishvadevananda Avadhuta, current Purodha Pramukha and President of Ananda Marga Pracaraka Samgha]]


On August 2, 1939 (at 8:30&nbsp;pm, on the [[full moon]] day of ''[[Shraavana|Shravani]]''<ref group=note>''[[Shraavana|Shravan]]'' is the fifth month of the [[Hindu calendar|Hindu year]], beginning in late July and ending in the third week of August. It is the month of festivals and commemorate the precedence of the sacred over all aspects of life. It is the holiest month in the year and it includes celebrating [[Nag Panchami]] on the fifth day of the bright half of the month.</ref> ''[[Purnima (day)|Purnima]]''<ref group=note>''[[Shraavana|Shravani]]'' ''[[Purnima (day)|Purnima]]'' is the [[full moon]] in the sacred month of ''[[Shraavana|Shravan]]''. On ''Shraavana Poornima'' ''[[Raksha Bandhan]]'', the festival of brothers and sisters, is celebrated .</ref>), [[Prabhat Ranjan Sarkar|P.R. Sarkar]] initiated with ''Tantrikii Diiksa'' or "Tantric initiation" Kalicharan Bandyopadhyay (after aka Kalikananda Avadhuta) into [[meditation]] at ''Kashi Mitra Gh’at'' on the bank of the river [[Bhagirathi]] in [[Kalikata]] ([[Kolkata]] aka Calcutta), [[West Bengal]], India. This was the start of Sarkar's [[Spirituality|spiritual]] teaching at the early age of 18 and many unknown [[Sadhaka]]s ("spiritual aspirants") were initiated from then up to 1955. From 1941 until the early 1950s, Sarkar [[Employment|worked]] as an accountant at the Indian railways headquarters in [[Jamalpur, Munger|Jamalpur]], Bihar, India. He [[Teacher|taught]] the techniques of ancient [[tantra]]<ref group=note>P.R. Sarkar clearly explained in his books the meaning of [[Tantra]]:  "What is ''Tantra''? The process of transforming (latent divinity) into the Supreme Divinity is known as ''Tantra sadhana''... The significance of the term ''tantra'' is 'liberation from bondage (the bondage of dullness or staticity)'. The letter ''ta'' is the seed (sound) of dulness. And the root verb ''trae'' suffixed by ''da'' becomes ''tra'', which means 'that which liberates' - so the spiritual practice which liberates the aspirant from the dullness or animality of the static force and expands the aspirant's (spiritual) self is ''Tantra sadhana''. So there cannot be any spiritual practice without ''Tantra''. {{cite book |title=Discourses on Tantra |volume=2 |author=Shrii Shrii Anandamurti (Ac. Vijayananda Avt. Editor) |city:Kolkata |publisher= AMPS-Ananda Printers |year=1994}} "''Tantra'' in itself is neither a religion nor an 'ism'. Tantra is a fundamental spiritual science. So wherever there is any spiritual practice it should be taken for granted that it stands on the ''Tantric'' cult. Where there is no spiritual practice, where people pray to God for the fulfillment of narrow worldly desires, where people’s only slogan is “Give us this and give us that” – only there do we find that Tantra is discouraged. So only those who do not understand ''Tantra'', or even after understanding ''Tantra'' do not want to do any [[spiritual practice]], oppose the [[cult]] of ''Tantra''." (Anandamurti, Shrii Shrii, 1959).</ref> [[meditation]] to a select number of his colleagues and gradually more and more people were drawn to the [[spiritual practice]]s he taught.
On August 2, 1939 (at 8:30&nbsp;pm, on the [[full moon]] day of ''[[Shraavana|Shravani]]''<ref group=note>''[[Shraavana|Shravan]]'' is the fifth month of the [[Hindu calendar|Hindu year]], beginning in late July and ending in the third week of August. It is the month of festivals and commemorate the precedence of the sacred over all aspects of life. It is the holiest month in the year and it includes celebrating [[Nag Panchami]] on the fifth day of the bright half of the month.</ref> ''[[Purnima (day)|Purnima]]''<ref group=note>''[[Shraavana|Shravani]]'' ''[[Purnima (day)|Purnima]]'' is the [[full moon]] in the sacred month of ''[[Shraavana|Shravan]]''. On ''Shraavana Poornima'' ''[[Raksha Bandhan]]'', the festival of brothers and sisters, is celebrated .</ref>), [[Prabhat Ranjan Sarkar|P.R. Sarkar]] initiated with ''Tantrikii Diiksa'' or "Tantric initiation" Kalicharan Bandyopadhyay (after aka Kalikananda Avadhuta) into [[meditation]] at ''Kashi Mitra Gh’at'' on the bank of the river [[Bhagirathi]] in [[Kalikata]] ([[Kolkata]] aka Calcutta), [[West Bengal]], India. This was the start of Sarkar's [[Spirituality|spiritual]] teaching at the early age of 18 and many unknown [[Sadhaka]]s ("spiritual aspirants") were initiated from then up to 1955. From 1941 until the early 1950s, Sarkar [[Employment|worked]] as an accountant at the Indian railways headquarters in [[Jamalpur, Munger|Jamalpur]], Bihar, India. He [[Teacher|taught]] the techniques of ancient [[tantra]]<ref group=note>P.R. Sarkar clearly explained in his books the meaning of [[Tantra]]:  "What is ''Tantra''? The process of transforming (latent divinity) into the Supreme Divinity is known as ''Tantra sadhana''... The significance of the term ''tantra'' is 'liberation from bondage (the bondage of dullness or staticity)'. The letter ''ta'' is the seed (sound) of dulness. And the root verb ''trae'' suffixed by ''da'' becomes ''tra'', which means 'that which liberates' - so the spiritual practice which liberates the aspirant from the dullness or animality of the static force and expands the aspirant's (spiritual) self is ''Tantra sadhana''. So there cannot be any spiritual practice without ''Tantra''. {{cite book |title=Discourses on Tantra |volume=2 |author=Shrii Shrii Anandamurti (Ac. Vijayananda Avt. Editor) |city:Kolkata |publisher= AMPS-Ananda Printers |year=1994}} "''Tantra'' in itself is neither a religion nor an 'ism'. Tantra is a fundamental spiritual science. So wherever there is any spiritual practice it should be taken for granted that it stands on the ''Tantric'' cult. Where there is no spiritual practice, where people pray to God for the fulfillment of narrow worldly desires, where people’s only slogan is “Give us this and give us that” – only there do we find that Tantra is discouraged. So only those who do not understand ''Tantra'', or even after understanding ''Tantra'' do not want to do any [[spiritual practice]], oppose the [[cult]] of ''Tantra''." (Anandamurti, Shrii Shrii, 1959).</ref> [[meditation]] to a select number of his colleagues and gradually more and more people were drawn to the [[spiritual practice]]s he taught.
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| '''1954''' || November 7: for the first time Sarkar brings together his disciples and addresses them his spiritual greeting.{{sfn|Dharmavedananda|1999|p=13 to 23}}
| '''1954''' || November 7: for the first time Sarkar brings together his disciples and addresses them his spiritual greeting.{{sfn|Dharmavedananda|1999|p=13 to 23}}
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| '''1955''' || January 5: the organization ''Ananda Marga'' is founded in [[Jamalpur, Bihar|Jamalpur]].  
| '''1955''' || January 5: the organization ''Ananda Marga Pracaraka Samgha'' is founded in [[Jamalpur, Bihar|Jamalpur]].  
January 9: Sarkar officially inaugurated ''Ananda Marga Pracharaka Samgha'' ("the Organization to Propagate the Path of Bliss"). The aim of the organization is based on a two-fold [[Ideal (ethics)|ideal]]: "[[Moksha|liberation]] of [[self]] and [[Community service|service]] to humanity".{{sfn|Dharmavedananda|1999|p=13 to 23}} At ''Rampur colony'', [[Jamalpur, Munger|Jamalpur]], the first ''Dharma Maha Cakra'' (DMC)<ref group=note>A spiritual [[ceremony]] where the disciples [[meditation|meditate]] in the presence of the [[Guru|Master]] and He holds an important spiritual discourse and performs a special ''[[Mudra]]'' named ''Varabaja Mudra''</ref> is held.  
January 9: Sarkar officially inaugurated ''Ananda Marga Pracharaka Samgha'' ("the society to propagate Ananda Marga"). The aim of the organization is based on a two-fold [[Ideal (ethics)|ideal]]: "[[Moksha|liberation]] of [[self]] and [[Community service|service]] to humanity".{{sfn|Dharmavedananda|1999|p=13 to 23}} At ''Rampur colony'', [[Jamalpur, Munger|Jamalpur]], the first ''Dharma Maha Cakra'' (DMC)<ref group=note>A spiritual [[ceremony]] where the disciples [[meditation|meditate]] in the presence of the [[Guru|Master]] and He holds an important spiritual discourse and performs a special ''[[Mudra]]'' named ''Varabaja Mudra''</ref> is held.  


From 15 to 28 March: the first group of ''[[acharya]]s'' is created in Jamalpur. The first [[Volume (publishing)|volumes]] of Sarkar's writings<ref group=note>Sarkar signed in the name of Shrii Prabhat Ranjan Sarkar when discussing [[sociology]], economics, [[philology]] and various other subjects including children's tales, and in the name Shrii Shrii Ánandamúrti when focusing on spiritual topics.</ref> were published, including ''Ananda Marga Elementary Philosophy''<ref group=note>This book contains the elementary philosophy of the Ánanda Márga mission (see Anandamurti, S. S., 1955).</ref> and ''Problems of the Day'' (Sarkar, P. R., 1957-1968).
From 15 to 28 March: the first group of ''[[acharya]]s'' is created in Jamalpur. The first [[Volume (publishing)|volumes]] of Sarkar's writings<ref group=note>Sarkar signed in the name of Shrii Prabhat Ranjan Sarkar when discussing [[sociology]], economics, [[philology]] and various other subjects including children's tales, and in the name Shrii Shrii Ánandamúrti when focusing on spiritual topics.</ref> were published, including ''Ananda Marga Elementary Philosophy''<ref group=note>This book contains the elementary philosophy of the Ánanda Márga mission (see Anandamurti, S. S., 1955).</ref> and ''Problems of the Day'' (Sarkar, P. R., 1957-1968).
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From 15 to 28 March: Sarkar proposes ''[[Progressive utilization theory|Progressive Utilization Theory]]'' (PROUT),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.prout.org/ |title=Home of PROUT |publisher=Prout.org |date= |accessdate=2012-06-12}}</ref> a [[Socioeconomics|socioeconomic]] theory that is based on [[Neo-humanism]] and cardinal [[Value (personal and cultural)|human values]].  
From 15 to 28 March: Sarkar proposes ''[[Progressive utilization theory|Progressive Utilization Theory]]'' (PROUT),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.prout.org/ |title=Home of PROUT |publisher=Prout.org |date= |accessdate=2012-06-12}}</ref> a [[Socioeconomics|socioeconomic]] theory that is based on [[Neo-humanism]] and cardinal [[Value (personal and cultural)|human values]].  
|-
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| '''1961''' || Sarkar condenses the entire ''Ananda Marga'' phylosophy within 85 [[aphorism]]s composed in [[Sanskrit]] in a book called ''[[Ananda Sutram]]'' (Anandamurti, S. S., 1961) (="aphorisms leading to [[ananda]], [[Divinity|divine]] bliss"). The book contains original [[concept]]s of [[metaphysics]], [[epistemology]], ethics and macrohistory.<ref group=note>For a full explanation of all the aphorisms see (Ānanda Mitra, Av., 1981)</ref>
| '''1961''' || Sarkar condenses the entire ''Ananda Marga'' philosophy within 85 [[aphorism]]s composed in [[Sanskrit]] in a book called ''[[Ananda Sutram]]'' (Anandamurti, S. S., 1961) (="aphorisms leading to [[ananda]], [[Divinity|divine]] bliss"). The book contains original [[concept]]s of [[metaphysics]], [[epistemology]], ethics and macrohistory.<ref group=note>For a full explanation of all the aphorisms see (Ānanda Mitra, Av., 1981)</ref>
|-
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| '''1962''' || Sarkar creates an order of [[monk]]s and [[nun]]s ([[Sannyasa|renunciate minister]]s or ''[[acharya]]s''<ref group=note>These ''ácáryas'' are [[full-time]] [[Workforce|worker]]s and fully ordained ministers. The juniors, known as ''[[Brahmacharya|brahmachariis]]'' and ''brahmacariniis'' for male and female respectively, are dressed up in a [[saffron]]-coloured top and a white bottom, while the seniors, known as ''[[avadhuta]]s'' and ''avadhutikas'', are dressed in full saffron attire.</ref>) and various [[training]] centers (''Prashiksana Matha'') in different parts of the world: [[Ydrefors]] ([[Sweden]]), [[Davao]] ([[Philippines]]), [[Varanasi]] and [[Bangalore]] (India) and [[Ghana]] (Africa).  
| '''1962''' || Sarkar creates an order of [[monk]]s and [[nun]]s ([[Sannyasa|renunciate minister]]s or ''[[acharya]]s''<ref group=note>These ''ácáryas'' are [[full-time]] [[Workforce|worker]]s and fully ordained ministers. The juniors, known as ''[[Brahmacharya|brahmachariis]]'' and ''brahmacariniis'' for male and female respectively, are dressed up in a [[saffron]]-coloured top and a white bottom, while the seniors, known as ''[[avadhuta]]s'' and ''avadhutikas'', are dressed in full saffron attire.</ref>) and various [[training]] centers (''Prashiksana Matha'') in different parts of the world: [[Ydrefors]] ([[Sweden]]), [[Davao]] ([[Philippines]]), [[Varanasi]] and [[Bangalore]] (India) and [[Ghana]] (Africa).  
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| '''1963''' || The "Education, [[Relief]], and [[Tribal]] and Women's Welfare Section" (ERAWS) of ''Ananda Marga'' is founded.{{sfn|Bussey|2010|p=79}} The service activities, such as schools, [[orphanage]]s and emergency relief work, that had started from the inception of ''Ananda Marga'' were now managed by ERAWS. ''Ananda Marga'' registered its headquarters at [[Anandanagar]], West Bengal.
| '''1963''' || The "Education, [[Relief]], and [[Tribal]] and Women's Welfare Section" (ERAWS) of ''Ananda Marga'' is founded.{{sfn|Bussey|2010|p=79}} The service activities, such as schools, [[orphanage]]s and emergency relief work, that had started from the inception of ''Ananda Marga'' were now managed by ERAWS. ''Ananda Marga'' registered its headquarters at [[Anandanagar]], West Bengal.
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| '''1964''' || The "''Ananda Marga'' Board of Education" is formed.
| '''1964''' || The '''Ananda Marga Board of Education''' is formed.
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| '''1965''' || The "Women’s Welfare Department" (WWD)<ref group=note>WWD is started to empower women to contribute and alleviate [[suffering]] of women in many parts of the world.</ref> and the "''Ananda Marga'' Universal [[Relief]] [[Team]]" ([[AMURT]]) are started. AMURT later became an international NGO with many very active teams in the areas affected by natural [[disaster]]s.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.amurt.net/ |title=Ananda Marga Disaster Relief |publisher=AMURT |date= |accessdate=2012-06-12}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.amurt.org/ |title=Amurt ORG |publisher=Amurt.org |date= |accessdate=2012-06-12}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.amurt.it/ |title=AMURT Italia - Volontariato Internazionale - Adozioni a distanza, donazioni, sostegno e volontariato |publisher=Amurt.it |date= |accessdate=2012-06-12}}</ref>
| '''1965''' || The '''Women’s Welfare Department''' (WWD)<ref group=note>WWD is started to empower women to contribute and alleviate [[suffering]] of women in many parts of the world.</ref> and the "''Ananda Marga'' Universal [[Relief]] [[Team]]" ([[AMURT]]) are started. AMURT later became an international NGO with many very active teams in the areas affected by natural [[disaster]]s.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.amurt.net/ |title=Ananda Marga Disaster Relief |publisher=AMURT |date= |accessdate=2012-06-12}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.amurt.org/ |title=Amurt ORG |publisher=Amurt.org |date= |accessdate=2012-06-12}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.amurt.it/ |title=AMURT Italia - Volontariato Internazionale - Adozioni a distanza, donazioni, sostegno e volontariato |publisher=Amurt.it |date= |accessdate=2012-06-12}}</ref>
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| '''1967''' || The first ''acaryas'' leave the Indian [[subcontinent]] to propagate worldwide the spiritual philosophy and practices of ''Ananda Marga''.{{sfn|Ng|1995}}{{sfn|Miller|1999}}
| '''1967''' || The first ''acaryas'' leave the Indian [[subcontinent]] to propagate worldwide the spiritual philosophy and practices of ''Ananda Marga''.{{sfn|Ng|1995}}{{sfn|Miller|1999}}
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== Disciplines, Teachings and Practice ==
[[tantra|Tantra yoga]], as interpreted by [[Prabhat Ranjan Sarkar|Shrii Shrii Anandamurti]], is the practical philosophy which serves as [[Foundation (engineering)|foundation]] of ''Ananda Marga''. According to P.R. Sarkar's teachings ''Tantra'' means [[Moksha|liberation]] from [[darkness]], the root ''tan'' meaning darkness, and ''tra'' liberation.
[[Meditation]] is the main spiritual practice of this ''tantric'' tradition, and through it the practitioner struggles to overcome [[weakness]]es and imperfections. The basis of ''Ananda Marga'' practice is covered by a set of rules called the 'Sixteen Points' that guide the practitioner on both [[Spirituality|spiritual]] and social aspects.
Anandamurti expounded these principles in '''{{IAST|Ānanda Sūtram}}''' a text composed in Sanskrit in 1961.
=== Meditation, ''Lalita Marmika'' dance and ''Kirtan'' ===
[[File:Yoga Meditation Pos-410px.png|thumb|left|x130px|Meditation's posture.]]
In the ''tantric'' tradition of ''Ananda Marga'' the spiritual aspirant ([[sadhaka]]) practices [[sadhana]]. ''Sadhana'' (a [[Sanskrit]] word) signifies the effort through which a person becomes completely [[Self-realization|realized]]. In ''Tantra'' the spiritual master, the [[guru]],<ref group=note>Who is the guru? In [[Ananda Sutram]], on sutra 3-9, P. R. Sarkar as Shri Shri Anandamurti clearly stated ''Brahmaeva gururekah náparah'': Only Brahma is the guru, no one else. Who is Brahma is explained in the first sutra (1-1): ''Shivashaktyátmakam Brahma'': [[Brahma]] is the composite of [[Shiva]] and [[Shakti]]<br></ref> plays a special role. The ''guru'' guides and leads students on the spiritual path. The aspirant [[Learning|learns]] meditation by a qualified ''acarya''. An ''acarya'' is most commonly a [[monk]] or [[nun]], but in the ''Ananda Marga'' tradition there are also "family ''acaryas''". In the [[initiation]] the aspirant makes a commitment to practice meditation and to live in harmony with the universal balance, and is then taught the technique itself. The aspirant is then required to keep the individual [[lesson]]s personal. In addition, he also taught ''Kapalika'' meditation to many ''[[Sannyasa|sanyásins]]''. His system of ''yoga'' can be termed as ''Rájadhirája Yoga'', ''Tantra Yoga'', or simply ''Ánanda Márga Yoga''. The basic ''Ánanda Márga'' meditation system is called [[Sahaja Yoga]] ('simple yoga'). The ''sahaja'' system consists of 6 meditation techniques or lessons taught one by one, on a personal basis.<ref group=note>This is the short list of six lessons: 1)First Lesson: ''Iishvara Pranidhana'' (Personal mantra and ''Ishta [[Cakra]]''), 2)Second Lesson: ''Guru Mantra'' (Personal ''[[Guru]] [[Mantra]]''), 3)Third Lesson: ''Tattva Dharana'' (Concentration on ''[[Cakra]]s' [[Tattva]]s''), 4)Fourth Lesson: ''Sadharana Pranayama'' (Basic ''[[Pranayama]]''. A special respiration tecnique), 5)Fifth Lesson: ''Cakra Shodhana'' (Purification of ''Cakras''. A special type of ''[[Dharana]]''), 6)Sixth Lesson: ''Guru Dhyana'' (Special type of ideation for ''[[Dhyana in Hinduism|Dhyana]]'').</ref> There is also a set of higher meditation lessons taught to advanced practitioners committed to dedicate more time for [[spiritual practice]]s and universal [[Selfless service|service]].
According to the ''Ananda Marga'' system the ''Lalita Marmika'' dance is performed, particularly during the collective meditation.<ref group=note>According with the teachings of P.R. Sarkar, ''Lalita Marmika'' is a devotional dance invented by [[Parvati]], the wife of [[Shiva]].</ref> This ''yogic'' dance with swaying movements, combined with a ''[[kirtan]]'' (the chanting of the universal ''mantra''), is regarded as useful in freeing the mind and preparing it for meditation.
''Ananda Marga'' system recommends to its members the practice of collective meditation at least once a week. These meetings called ''Dharma Chakras'' (weekly held in a place called ''Dhyan Mandir'') are preceded by the singing of few ''Prabhat Samgiita'' ("Songs of the New Dawn" composed by the ''Ananda Marga'' founder) followed by the spiritual dance of ''Lalita Marmika'' along with the singing of ''{{audio||kiirtan}}'' and by the practice of meditation. Before meditation the ''{{audio|Samgacchadvam.OGG|Samgacchadvam}}'' ''mantra'' is chanted. At the end of meditation the ''{{audio|Nityam Shuddham.OGG|Nityam Shuddham}}'' and the ''{{audio|Guru Puja.OGG|Guru Puja}}'' ''mantras'' are recited.
=== Vegetarian Diet, ''Yoga asanas'', Physical Exercises and ''Yogic'' Treatments ===
[[File:Sarvangasana.jpg|thumb|left|x180px|Yoga [[Sarvangasana]].]]
[[File:Urdhva tandava.png|thumb|left|x200px|[[Tandava]] dance. One of the 108 Tandava poses of [[Nataraja]] (dancing [[Shiva]]).]]
The basic practices of ''Ananda Marga'' comprises ''yoga [[asana]]s'', ''[[mudra]]s'', ''[[Bandha (Yoga)|bandha]]s'', ''[[pranayama]]'', ''[[Massage#Self massage|self-massage]]'' and two specific dances, ''[[Kaosikii dance|kaos'ikii]]'' and ''[[tandava]]''. [[Lacto-vegetarianism|Lacto]]-vegetarian [[diet (nutrition)|diet]] and [[fasting]] are also included, as a fundamental part of ''yogic'' practices.
*[[Diet (nutrition)|Diet]] and [[fasting]]: [[Lacto-vegetarianism|Lacto]]-vegetarian diet of ''Ananda Marga'' avoids meat, fish, [[egg (food)|egg]]s and some substances which are claimed to have a negative effect on the mind. Moreover, on specific monthly dates called ''[[Ekadashi]]'' (Sanskrit: एकादशी, ekādaśī: is the eleventh day after the [[full moon]] or after the [[new moon]]),<ref group=note>''Ananda Marga'' ''[[acharya]]s'' practice fasting in two additional days per month called ''Purnima'' and ''Amavasya''</ref> the regular practice of ''Upavasa'' (''yoga'' [[fasting]]) is recommended to improve health and strengthen the mind.
* ''[[Yoga]] [[asana]]s'', ''[[mudra]]s'' and ''[[Bandha (Yoga)|bandha]]s'': comprises 42 [[asana]]s<ref group=note>The following are the ''Ananda Marga Asanas'' as listed from P.R. Sarkar in "''Ananda Marga Caryacarya'' part 3": ''Sarvanungasana, Matsyamudra, [[Matsyasana]], Matsyendrasana, [[Virasana]], [[Cakrasana]], Naokasana (or [[Dhanurasana]]), Utkata Pascimottanasana, Parvatasana (or [[Halasana]]), Shivasana, [[Vajrasana (yoga)|Vajrasana]], [[Siddhasana]], Baddha Padmasana, [[Kukkutasana]], [[Gomukhasana]], [[Mayurasana]], [[Kurmakasana]], Sahaja Utkatasana, [[Shalabhasana]], [[Bhujaungasana]], [[Shashaungasana]], Bhastrikasana, Janushirasana, Ardhashivasana, Ardhakurmakasana (or Dirgha Pranama), Yogasana (or Yogamudra), Tuladandasana, Ustrasana, Utkata Kurmakasana, Jatila Utkatasana, Utkata Vajrasana, Padahastasana, Shivasana, Padmasana, Karmasana, Jinanasana, Bhavasana, Granthimuktasana, Garudasana, Dvisamakonasana, Tejasana, Mandukasana''.</ref> which were chosen by P.R. Sarkar. There are mainly two types of asana: ''svasthyasanas'' and ''dhyanasanas''.<ref>Shrii Shrii Anandamurti, 2010, p.20.</ref> They should be performed at least once a day. 15 ''Yoga [[mudra]]s'' and ''[[Bandha (Yoga)|bandha]]s'' are also part of the basic ''Ananda Marga Yoga''.<ref group=note>Mudras and bandhas are also listed in "''Ananda Marga Caryacarya'' part 3": ''Uddayana Mudra, Bandhatraya Yoga (Mahamudra, Mahabandha, Mahaveda), Parthivii Mudra, Ambhasii Mudra, Agneyii Mudra, Vayavii Mudra, Akashii Mudra, Manasii Mudra, Agnisara Mudra, Kakacaincu Mudra,  Trimunda Mudra, Ashvinii Mudra, Vajrolii Mudra''.</ref>
*''[[Yoga|Yogic]]'' [[Therapy|treatments]]: on 1957 P. R. Sarkar published in Bengali ''Yaogika Cikitsa o Dravyaguna'' which was translated into English and published in 1983 with revisions under the title ''[[Yogic Treatments and Natural Remedies]]''. In this handbook, Sarkar gave indications on ''yogic'' treatments using ''ásanas'' and ''mudrás'' combined with claims about natural and traditional remedies for about forty diseases. The book also contains many tips for maintaining good health through the use of water, [[clay]], etc.<ref group=note>In the preface the author specifically warns the reader not to risk of practising ''ásanas'' and ''mudrás'' without the guidance of an experienced ''yoga'' teacher.</ref>
* ''[[Kaoshikii]]'': the 'dance for mental expansion', was defined by P. R. Sarkar a 'physico-psycho-spiritual' exercise which can be performed by all and consists of 18 [[mudra]]s aligning with 6 physical postures, each associated with a specific [[idea]]<ref group=note>The spiritual ideation is carried along with the dance in order to establish a subtle link with the divine.</ref> while strengthening [[body]] and [[mind]] and making them flexible.
* ''[[Tandava]]'' or ''Tāṇḍava'': is a vigorous dance.<ref group=note>Associated with [[Shiva]] in his cosmic dancer image of [[Nataraja]].</ref> The name ''tandava'' is derived from the Sanskrit word ''tandu'', which means 'to jump'. This dance is only performed by male followers in ''Ananda Marga''. The dance is performed to imbue the practitioner's mind with [[courage]] and [[honour]], dispelling all sorts of complexes and [[fear]], even fear of death itself.<ref group=note>Thus the dance also has an associated ideation. The dancer starts off with the two arms outstretched, the left arm with an open [[Hand anatomy|palm]], and the right arm with a clenched fist. The dancer ideates holding a human [[skull]] in the left hand, [[symbol]]izing death, and ideates on holding a [[knife]] in the right, [[symbol]]izing the fight for life. The actual objects (human skull and knife) may be also used. The dance starts with a jump and landing in a position of bent knees. Another jump follows, and the dance continues in a jumping manner lifting one leg then the other continuously. [http://www.tribuneindia.com/2005/20050526/aplus.htm Tribuneindia.com story]</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.religlaw.org/template.php?id=2314 |title=Religion and Law Consortium: A Research Forum for Legal Developments on International Law and Religion or Belief Topics |publisher=Religlaw.org |date= |accessdate=2011-03-18}}</ref>
== Spiritual and Social Philosophy ==
The philosophy of ''Ananda Marga'' is a synthetic outlook, recognizing a 'Supreme Consciousness',<ref>See: Shrii Shrii Ánandamúrti, 1954, pp. 15 and 68.</ref> which is claimed to be both [[Transcendence (religion)|transcendental]] and manifested in all.<ref group=note>This [[universe]], having been created by the 'Supreme Consciousness', is existing in the 'Supreme Entity': "The 'Supreme Entity' is the vastest [[entity]]; the ultimate source of all cosmic emanations. The 'Supreme Entity', which is difficult to conceive, is the subtlest of the subtle. He is farther away than any other entity, but again He is nearer than the nearest. Only the one who looks into the innermost recesses of himself can realize the 'Supreme Entity'." (Shrii Shrii Anandamurti)</ref> It covers both the [[Spirituality|spiritual]] and the social combining the two in a unique synthesis of [[Universalism|universal]] [[Visual perception|vision]].<ref group=note>In his famous discourse "''Sambhúti'' and ''Mahásambhúti''" given on July 1967, [[Delhi]], India during the DMC (''Dharma Maha Chakra'') P.R. Sarkar well explained this concept: "In short, whatever was created in the past is the original creation (''sambhúti'') of God. The sum total of all creations is the Cosmic Order (''Brahmáńd́a''). This includes the [[sun]] as well as the small [[ant]] which crawls on the [[earth]]. Whether it is a dead [[star]] or a living star, whether it is a [[nebula]] or a [[milky way]] or a [[galaxy]] – all belong to one universal family."</ref>
To this end ''Ananda Marga'' suggests a [[Pragmatism|practical]], [[Rationality|rational]], and systematic [[Lifestyle (sociology)|way of life]] for the balanced development of all human potentialities: [[Physical body|physical]], [[Energy (psychological)|psychic]] and [[Spirituality|spiritual]]. This [[system]] incorporate [[Practice (social theory)|practice]]s that range from [[hygiene]] and [[diet (nutrition)|diet]], [[Asanas|yoga postures]], to a [[Science|scientific]] [[Technology|technique]] of [[meditation]] based on [[morality|moral rules]] and directed to the inner fulfillment. It recognizes that a balance is needed between the [[Spirituality|spiritual]] and [[mundane]] aspects of [[existence]], and that neither one should be neglected at the [[expense]] of the other. Hence, the [[goal]] of ''Ananda Marga'' is "[[self-realization]] and the welfare of all".
=== Spiritual philosophy ===
[[File:Kiirtan.svg|thumb|right|''Lalita Marmika'' dance.]]
[[File:DadasKirtan3.jpg|thumb|right|x150px|Photo ([[Italy]] July 1978) of an international group of ''Ananda Marga'' followers singing a [[Kirtan]] in occasion of Shrii Shrii Anandamurti's liberation.]]
[[File:CrescentMoon2.JPG|thumb|right|Kaoshiki dance.]]
The [[Spirituality|spiritual]] philosophy of ''Ananda Marga'' covers a vast range of [[Topic–comment|topic]]s and can be [[Learning|learned]] from P.R. Sarkar's publications. ''Ananda Marga'' philosophy recognizes that the [[universe]] is the creation of the mental [[thought]]-[[waves]] of the 'Supreme counsciousness'. The following is a brief list of the essential elements of ''Ananda Marga'' Spiritual Philosophy:
* '''Atma''' or '''[[Soul]]''' and '''[[Paramatma]]''' or the '''[[Cosmic Consciousness]]''': the Consciousness (''Purusa'') is [[Reflection (physics)|reflected]] in the unit objects forming the "unit consciousness" (''atma'') or [[soul]]. Particularly the reflection of the soul on the mind is called ''jiivatma'' and in that case the "reflector-soul" is called ''Paramatma'' (Supreme Soul).<ref group=note>''Vis’aya purus’a'vabha’shah jiiva’tma’'': "The reflection of Consciousness - ''Purusa'' - in the unit object is known as ''jiiva’tma'' - "unit soul" - (''A’nanda Sutram'', Chapter 2, Sutra 8 (2-8) in Avadhūtika Ānanda Mitra Ācāryā, 1981).</ref>
{{Infobox
|title        = Yama-Niyama
<!-- This infobox is based on the 10 principles of yogic morality (yama-niyama)
as explained by Shrii Shrii Anandamurti in ''A Guide to Human Conduct''. -->
|headerstyle  = background:#ccf;
|labelstyle  = background:#ddf;
|header1 = Yama (Restraint)
  | label2= Ahim'sa' (Benignity)
  | data2 = Thinking, speaking, and acting without inflicting pain or harm on another
  | label3= Satya (Benevolence)
  | data3 = Thinking and speaking with goodwill
  | label4= Asteya<br>(Honesty)
  | data4 = Not taking or keeping what belongs to others
  | label5= Brahmacarya (Ideation)
  | data5 = Constant mental association with the Supreme
  | label6= Aparigraha (Frugality)
  | data6 = Non-indulgence in superfluous amenities
|header7 = Niyama (Regulation)
  | label8= Shaoca (Cleanliness)
  | data8 = Physical and mental purity, both internal and external
  | label9= Santos'a (Contentment)
  | data9 = Maintaining a state of mental ease
  | label10= Tapah<br>(Sacrifice)
  | data10 = Acceptance of sufferings to reach the spiritual goal
  | label11= Sva'dhya'ya (Contemplation)
  | data11 = Clear understanding of any spiritual subject
  | label12= Iishvara Pran'idha'na (Dedication)
  | data12 = Adopting the Cosmic Controller as the only ideal of life and moving with ever-accelerating speed toward that Desideratum
|belowstyle = background:#ddf;
|below = Intent is primary, but both intent and action should conform if possible.
}}
* '''Realms of the [[Mind]]''': according to ''Ananda Marga'' philosophy the human mind is composed of five layers called ''Kosas'':<ref group=note>The last three deeper layers are collectively called "Causal Mind". "Causal" signifies that these layers are in the most direct contact with the "Causal Consciousness" from which the mind has evolved and within which it exists.</ref> 1)''Kamamaya Kosa'' ("desire layer") or "Crude Mind": is the crudest layer, purified through adherence to the yogic code of morality, Yama-Niyama.<ref group=note>This ''Kosa'' controls the various autonomic activities of the body and the expression of the mental propensities, known as ''vrtti'', in [[Samskrta]].</ref> 2)''Manomaya Kosa'' ("layer of thinking") or "Subtle Mind": is the layer of thought and memory.<ref group=note>This ''Kosa'' gives experience of pleasure and pain. It is developed naturally through physical clash, and in ''Ananda Marga sadhana'' by ''pranayama'' with cosmic ideation.</ref> 3)''Atimanasa Kosa'' or "Supramental Mind": is the intuitive layer.<ref group=note>This ''Kosa''  gives the capacity of intuitive [[dream]]s, [[clairvoyance]], [[telepathy]] and [[creativity|creative]] insight. It is developed naturally through psychic clash, and in ''Ananda Marga sadhana'' by methods of ''pratyahara'' (withdrawal) such as ''shuddhis'' and ''Guru Puja''.</ref> 4)''Vijinanamaya Kosa'' ("layer of the special knowledge") or "Subliminal Mind": is the layer of conscience or discrimination (''viveka'') and ''[[Vairagya|vaeragya]]'' (non-attachment).<ref group=note>This ''Kosa'' is developed naturally through psychic clash, and its development is accelerated by the process of ''dharana''.</ref> 5)''Hiranyamaya Kosa'' ("golden level") or "Subtle Causal Mind": is the subtlest layer. Here the [[awareness]] of mind is very close to the direct [[experience]] of "Supreme Consciousness".<ref group=note>Here there is only the separation of a thin veil of ignorance. This ''Kosa'' is developed naturally through the attraction for the Great, and ''[[Dhyana in Hinduism|dhyana]]'' accelerates this process for ''[[sadhaka]]s'' (spirituals aspirants).</ref>
* '''[[Microvita theory]]''': ''Microvita'' is plural for ''Micro-vitum'' and literally means "micro-life". The concept was first introduced on 1986 through a series of lectures by P.R. Sarkar. According to this notion, microvita are entities which come within the realms both of physicality of psychic expression. They are smaller and subtler than physical [[atom]]s and [[subatomic particle]]s, and in the [[psychic]] realm they may be subtler than mind–stuff, and contribute to "pure consciousness".{{sfn|Dalal|2011|p=325}} The author predicted in 1991 that they would soon be recognized by conventional science.{{sfn|Sarkar|1991}} They have not been.
=== Social philosophy ===
The social outlook of ''Ananda Marga'' recognizes that the welfare of the [[individual]] is linked with the welfare of the [[collective]], each relying on the other for its [[existence]] and dynamism. According to this philosophy everyone has the [[Rights|right]] to [[Equal opportunity|equal opportunities]] of life and [[Social change|development]] and as such there should be no discrimination on the basis of superficial barriers such as [[race (classification of humans)|race]], nationality and religion. ''Ananda Marga'' advocates a world of [[justice]], security and [[peace]] for all.<ref>[http://anandamarga.org/social-philosophy/ Ananda Marga Social Philosophy]</ref> The Social Philosophy of ''Ananda Marga'' can be categorized under the topics:
* '''[[Neohumanism#Neohumanism|Neohumanism]]''': in 1982, Sarkar extended his writings on the subject of [[Society|human society]] with the [[Introduction (essay)|introduction]] of his new theory of "[[Neohumanism#Neohumanism|Neohumanism]]".<ref>See: Sarkar, P. R., 1982.</ref> While [[humanism]] extends the recognition of equal rights to all humans, yet tends to anthropocentric worldview, neohumanism, according to Sarkar's theory, is instead the elevation of humanism to [[universalism]], thus expanding an inclusive spirit of welfare to all living beings and the created world.<ref group=note>"When the underlying spirit of [[humanism]] is extended to everything, animate and inanimate, in this [[universe]] – I have designated this as "Neohumanism". This Neohumanism will elevate [[humanism]] to [[universalism]], the [[cult]] of love for all created beings of this [[universe]]." (Sarkar, P. R., 1982).</ref>
* '''Education''': according to the ''Ananda Marga'' system "Education is for [[Moksha|Liberation]]." Education means the simultaneous development in the physical, mental and [[Spirituality|spiritual]] [[realm]]s of human [[existence]]. By this, dormant human [[potentialities]] will be awakened and put to proper use. Sarkar said that real education leads to a pervasive [[Feeling|sense]] of love and [[compassion]] for all creation; in the ''Ananda Marga's'' education system, special emphasis is given to [[Morality|moral]] education and the inculcation of idealism together with a "psycho-pedagogical approach" and a blending of occidental extroversial science and oriental introversial philosophy.<ref group=note>"The noblest form of social service is to educate the public and create a sense of consciousness in them. This sense of consciousness is to be instilled in every human being. This is your duty. The goal of education is to elevate the all-round standard, and especially the intellectual standard. In addition, the elevation of the moral standard is extremely necessary in the sphere of education. This moral standard is deficient today. It is lacking in the present educational system also. You are to create a new social order. Therefore, you should first acquire more and more knowledge in different spheres of life and also you are to upgrade your morality. Along with your intellectual standard, if you have morality, then everybody will respect you. Try to acquire as much knowledge as possible through our own books. Education which leads to the acquisition of knowledge plus morality makes for a peaceful society." (Sarkar, P. R., ''Discourses on Neo– humanist Education''.).</ref>
* '''Culture''': In his discourse "Talks on Prout", given in Ranchi on July 1961, Sarkar makes a distinction between the terms "culture" and "customs". According to Sarkar "culture... is the collective name for different expressions of life..." but "...all of society has the same culture. There are local variations in the mode or state of cultural expression, but the expression is universal... These local variations are called customs... Thus local modes of expression bearing local or group specialities are customs, but the expression itself is culture. Therefore it is a mistake to readjust boundaries on the basis of language and culture. Indian culture and the culture of the world are one and the same."{{sfn|Sarkar|1968}} The philosophy of Sarkar reinterprets the general concept of culture by inserting it into a new universalistic outlook. As described by Antonello Maggipinto:
{{Quote|''...If the term “culture” is usually referred to the original meaning of this word (i.e. from the Greek "paidéia" to the Latin "humanitas", that is to human beings capable of distinguishably mastering the arts, rhetoric, and philosophy), then Sarkar offers a new point of view, with a large universalistic explanation: “the culture of the whole human race is one, but marked by different local manifestations... it is the same, but varying in expression." (Sarkar, P.R., 1987)...''{{sfn|Maggipinto|2000}}}}
* '''[[Progressive utilization theory|PROUT]]''' ("[[Progressivism|Progressive]] Utilization [[Theory]]"): is a [[Socioeconomics|socio-economic]] theory first mentioned in 1959 by P. R. Sarkar<ref>{{cite book |title=Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Sociology of knowledge to Zaroastrianism |editor-first=Edward |editor-last=Craig |editor-link=Edward Craig (philosopher) |publisher= Routledge (Taylor & Francis) |year=1998 |isbn=0-415-16916-X}}</ref> in his speech "The Cosmic Brotherood".<ref>Later published in Sarkar, P. R. (1961-2001) p. 89-97.</ref> In 1968, Sarkar founded the organization "[[Proutist Block of India]]" (PBI), to further the ideals of his theory through political and social action.{{sfn|Fukui|1985|p=357}}
=== ''Tantra'' in ''Ananda Marga'' ===
{{quote box|width=30em|bgcolor=#c6dbf7|title=Shrii Shrii Anandamurti on ''tantrics'' and ''tantric'' cult |align=left|quote=""A person who, irrespective of [[caste]], [[creed]] or religion, aspires for spiritual expansion or does something concrete, is a ''Tantric''. ''Tantra' in itself is neither a religion nor an 'ism'. ''Tantra'' is a fundamental spiritual science. So wherever there is any spiritual practice it should be taken for granted that it stands on the Tantric cult. Where there is no spiritual practice, where people pray to God for the fulfilment of narrow worldly desires, where people’s only slogan is “Give us this and give us that” – only there do we find that Tantra is discouraged. So only those who do not understand Tantra, or even after understanding Tantra do not want to do any spiritual practice, oppose the cult of Tantra."|source=Shrii Shrii Anandamurti´s "Tantra and its Effect on Society", 1959.{{sfn|Anandamurti|1959}}}}
Sarkar weaves continuity with the ancient philosophy of ''Tantra'', infusing new insights in [[Psychology|human psychology]], [[social theory]] and in each individuals' [[role]]s as spiritual and "socio-economic-cultural-political" beings.
''Ánanda Márga Tantra'' has a broad [[Metaphysics|metaphysical]] base which allows for ways of [[Knowledge|knowing]], [[feeling]] and [[Process (science)|processing]] which go far beyond [[Intellect|intelectuality]] or limited [[rationality]]. Priorities are given to the spiritual development, as Shrii Shrii Ánandamúrti notes, "spiritual life controls all other arenas of human life."<ref>[http://www.gurukul.edu Bussey, Marcus. ''Homo Tantricus: Tantra as an Episteme for Future Generations'']</ref>
''Ananda Marga Tantra'' is a [[principle]], a science which if practiced will lead to the desired objective. The [[essence]] of ''Tantra'' is to awaken the latent spiritual force in the human personality and unify oneself with the Cosmic Consciousness.<ref group=note>"It is not a religion or empty philosophy which can be confined to the realms of abstract speculation or theoretical debate. Tantra is a process of subjective transformation, which may be practiced by anyone irrespective of gender, cultural background, education, social status or intellectual evolution, as an adequate system of spiritual endeavor is the birthright of all. ''Tantra'' does not discriminate by any racial, genealogical, political, national or economic differences amongst human beings, as the later might form the basis for one human group to assert superiority over another. ''Tantra'' does, however, give recognition to individual vigor and the development of latent human potentialities, which make some people outstand in their lives. Consequently ''Tantra'' puts greater emphasis on human values than on social values".(Coyle, G. 1985).</ref>
=== ''Guru'' and Disciple ===
According to ''tantric'' tradition a proper [[preceptor]] and a proper disciple are both essential for success on the path of ''Tantra''.
P.R. Sarkar clearly explains<ref>See: Shrii Shrii Anandamurti, 1982 and 1994.</ref> that, disciples are of three categories: 1) disciples that acquire spiritual knowledge when they are in close contact with the preceptor, but as soon as they are apart from him they forget all his/her teachings, 2) disciples that learn many things from the preceptor with great hardship, but do not take proper care to preserve those instructions. They lose their hard-earned knowledge out of negligence, 3)disciples that carefully preserves deep in their minds and hearts whatever they have learned from their preceptor by wisely putting those teachings into practice. This is the best category of disciples.


==References==
==References==

Revision as of 11:19, 13 November 2013

SVmap OwnFoundations.png
Ananda Marga Pracaraka Samgha
AM logo.png
Abbreviation AMPS
Motto Átmamokśárthaḿ jagaddhitáya ca (Self-Realisation and Service to the Universe)
Formation 1 January 1955 (1955-01-01) (69 years ago)
Type INGO
Legal status Association
Purpose/focus Socio-Spiritual
Location International
Region served Worldwide
Membership Private persons
Main organ Central Purodha Board
Website www.anandamarga.org
Location in Sarkarverse
SVmap OwnFoundations.png

Ananda Marga Pracaraka Samgha (society for the propagation of Ananda Marga), sometimes abbreviated as AMPS, is the foundation of Prabhat Ranjan Sarkar for which he is best known. Sarkar founded this socio-spiritual organization in Jamalpur, Bihar, India in 1955.

History

Acarya Shraddhananda Avadhuta
The Second President of Ananda Marga, the late Acarya Shraddhananda Avadhuta (1919-2008).
Acarya Vishvadevananda Avadhuta, current Purodha Pramukha and President of Ananda Marga Pracaraka Samgha

On August 2, 1939 (at 8:30 pm, on the full moon day of Shravani[note 1] Purnima[note 2]), P.R. Sarkar initiated with Tantrikii Diiksa or "Tantric initiation" Kalicharan Bandyopadhyay (after aka Kalikananda Avadhuta) into meditation at Kashi Mitra Gh’at on the bank of the river Bhagirathi in Kalikata (Kolkata aka Calcutta), West Bengal, India. This was the start of Sarkar's spiritual teaching at the early age of 18 and many unknown Sadhakas ("spiritual aspirants") were initiated from then up to 1955. From 1941 until the early 1950s, Sarkar worked as an accountant at the Indian railways headquarters in Jamalpur, Bihar, India. He taught the techniques of ancient tantra[note 3] meditation to a select number of his colleagues and gradually more and more people were drawn to the spiritual practices he taught.

Drawing of Acharya Samanvayananda Avadhuta (1922-2005) second Avadhuta of Ananda Marga. Shrii Shrii Anandamurti personally initiated him as Kapalika and he received his Avadhutaship in 1962).

Chronology

Date Events
1954 November 7: for the first time Sarkar brings together his disciples and addresses them his spiritual greeting.[1]
1955 January 5: the organization Ananda Marga Pracaraka Samgha is founded in Jamalpur.

January 9: Sarkar officially inaugurated Ananda Marga Pracharaka Samgha ("the society to propagate Ananda Marga"). The aim of the organization is based on a two-fold ideal: "liberation of self and service to humanity".[1] At Rampur colony, Jamalpur, the first Dharma Maha Cakra (DMC)[note 4] is held.

From 15 to 28 March: the first group of acharyas is created in Jamalpur. The first volumes of Sarkar's writings[note 5] were published, including Ananda Marga Elementary Philosophy[note 6] and Problems of the Day (Sarkar, P. R., 1957-1968).

1956 Sarkar exposes Caryacarya (Carya means "dos" and acarya means "don'ts") in three volumes with social codes and usages (Anandamurti, S. S. 1995-6th ed.). Ananda Marga College is founded in Anandanagar, Purulia district.
1957 Sarkar dictates the book Guide to Human Conduct (Anandamurti, S. S., 1957-1981), with indications for new cardinal human values and social rules.
1958 25 January: at Trimuhan (Bhagalpur district, Bihar, India) "Renaissance Universal" (RU)[note 7] and "Renaissance Artists and Writers Association" (RAWA) boards are founded.[note 8] Sarkar publishes Yogic Treatment and Natural Remedies (Sarkar, P. R., 1957-Beng. 1983-Eng.)
1959 On his fifth book Idea and Ideology,[note 9] Sarkar exposes the fundamental traits of the Ananda Marga's Ideology.

From 15 to 28 March: Sarkar proposes Progressive Utilization Theory (PROUT),[2] a socioeconomic theory that is based on Neo-humanism and cardinal human values.

1961 Sarkar condenses the entire Ananda Marga philosophy within 85 aphorisms composed in Sanskrit in a book called Ananda Sutram (Anandamurti, S. S., 1961) (="aphorisms leading to ananda, divine bliss"). The book contains original concepts of metaphysics, epistemology, ethics and macrohistory.[note 10]
1962 Sarkar creates an order of monks and nuns (renunciate ministers or acharyas[note 11]) and various training centers (Prashiksana Matha) in different parts of the world: Ydrefors (Sweden), Davao (Philippines), Varanasi and Bangalore (India) and Ghana (Africa).
1963 The "Education, Relief, and Tribal and Women's Welfare Section" (ERAWS) of Ananda Marga is founded.[3] The service activities, such as schools, orphanages and emergency relief work, that had started from the inception of Ananda Marga were now managed by ERAWS. Ananda Marga registered its headquarters at Anandanagar, West Bengal.
1964 The Ananda Marga Board of Education is formed.
1965 The Women’s Welfare Department (WWD)[note 12] and the "Ananda Marga Universal Relief Team" (AMURT) are started. AMURT later became an international NGO with many very active teams in the areas affected by natural disasters.[4][5][6]
1967 The first acaryas leave the Indian subcontinent to propagate worldwide the spiritual philosophy and practices of Ananda Marga.[7][8]
1969 The first Ananda Marga "Sectorial office" is created in "New York Sector" (whose jurisdiction is North and Central America together with the Caribbean) was opened in Carbondale, Illinois, USA.[7][8]
1971 Sarkar is arrested and imprisoned with false accusations (the truth will be established in a re-trial only in 1978 after more than seven years of imprisonment).[9] Under a declared opposition from the Indian government, Sarkar receives life sentence.[10]
1973 Approximately 100 local centers teaching yoga, meditation, spiritual and social philosophies in many countries of the world are established.[11][8]

February 12: Sarkar claims claims to have been poisoned while in Bankipur Central Jail, Patna.[12][13]

April 1: Sarkar's demand for a judicial investigation in his poisoning[note 13] remains unanswered by the authorities and consequently he starts fasting on a daily glass of yoghurt water until his release on 1978.[14]

1975 to 1977 "Ananda Marga Relief Team Ladies" (AMURTEL) is started. This relief team is managed by women and initiates programs that raise the standard of health and education of women and their ren.

June 26: under the state of emergency (which will last until March 21, 1977) imposed by the Indian government of Indira Gandhi most of his opponents, including Ananda Marga, are outlawed and arrested. Over 400 of its schools in India are closed down, and numerous ministers and adherents are imprisoned with false charges. This situation, together with the arbitrary detention and the alleged poisoning of Sarkar, leads to a global campaign of protests by many followers of Ananda Marga. As a desperate form of protest a few members of Ananda Marga, against the will of their master, committed self-immolation in the late 1970s.[15][16] In the wake of protests three members of the organization assault and injure an employee of the Indian Government in London.[note 14]

The board "Prevention of Cruelty to Animals and Plants" (PCAP) is founded.[17]

1978 February 13 and June 15: some members of Ananda Marga are alleged to have been involved in violent acts to protest against the unjust detention and poisoning of P. R. Sarkar in India.[note 15]

July 4: end of state of emergency in India: Sarkar is found innocent and acquitted on appeal.[18][19]

1979 May: Sarkar travels overseas visiting Europe (Germany, France, Italy[note 16] Spain, Netherlands, Sweden, Switzerland and Ireland).[20]
1980 Sarkar visits Taiwan, Thailand, Hong Kong, Greece, Turkey, Israel, Spain, Denmark, Germany, Island.[20]

September: Sarkar visits Jamaica and Venezuela.[20][note 17]

1982 Sarkar introduces the philosophy of Neohumanism[note 18] and publishes several volumes on philology.[note 19]

Sarkar began to compose what later would comprise of 5,018 songs collectively called Prabhata Samgiita (Songs of the New Dawn).

1986 Sarkar began to propound the "Theory of Microvita".[note 20] The "Microvita Research Institute" is founded to begin the researches on this field.
1990 September 7: Sarkar founds Ananda Marga Gurukula.

October 21: Sarkar dies at 3:10 pm. Acarya Shraddhananda Avadhuta is elected from the body of purodhas as President of the Ananda Marga global organization and Purodha Pramukha.[note 21]

1991 Ananda Marga Universal Relief Team receives recognition as an NGO by the United Nations.
1996 The Supreme Court of India lifts the ban on government employees from being members of Ananda Marga, and affirmed the legal status of the organization.

References

Footnotes

  1. ^ Shravan is the fifth month of the Hindu year, beginning in late July and ending in the third week of August. It is the month of festivals and commemorate the precedence of the sacred over all aspects of life. It is the holiest month in the year and it includes celebrating Nag Panchami on the fifth day of the bright half of the month.
  2. ^ Shravani Purnima is the full moon in the sacred month of Shravan. On Shraavana Poornima Raksha Bandhan, the festival of brothers and sisters, is celebrated .
  3. ^ P.R. Sarkar clearly explained in his books the meaning of Tantra: "What is Tantra? The process of transforming (latent divinity) into the Supreme Divinity is known as Tantra sadhana... The significance of the term tantra is 'liberation from bondage (the bondage of dullness or staticity)'. The letter ta is the seed (sound) of dulness. And the root verb trae suffixed by da becomes tra, which means 'that which liberates' - so the spiritual practice which liberates the aspirant from the dullness or animality of the static force and expands the aspirant's (spiritual) self is Tantra sadhana. So there cannot be any spiritual practice without Tantra. Shrii Shrii Anandamurti (Ac. Vijayananda Avt. Editor) (1994) Discourses on Tantra 2 AMPS-Ananda Printers  Text "city:Kolkata " ignored (help) "Tantra in itself is neither a religion nor an 'ism'. Tantra is a fundamental spiritual science. So wherever there is any spiritual practice it should be taken for granted that it stands on the Tantric cult. Where there is no spiritual practice, where people pray to God for the fulfillment of narrow worldly desires, where people’s only slogan is “Give us this and give us that” – only there do we find that Tantra is discouraged. So only those who do not understand Tantra, or even after understanding Tantra do not want to do any spiritual practice, oppose the cult of Tantra." (Anandamurti, Shrii Shrii, 1959).
  4. ^ A spiritual ceremony where the disciples meditate in the presence of the Master and He holds an important spiritual discourse and performs a special Mudra named Varabaja Mudra
  5. ^ Sarkar signed in the name of Shrii Prabhat Ranjan Sarkar when discussing sociology, economics, philology and various other subjects including children's tales, and in the name Shrii Shrii Ánandamúrti when focusing on spiritual topics.
  6. ^ This book contains the elementary philosophy of the Ánanda Márga mission (see Anandamurti, S. S., 1955).
  7. ^ RU is the first of the 35 boards of the organization.
  8. ^ RAWA is founded during a Dharma Maha Chakra (DMC) held in Bhagalpur (at the house of Aniruddha Prasad, one of Sarkar's disciples) in order to restore art to its true meaning.
  9. ^ (Sarkar, P. R., 1961-2001), this is a collection of speeches delivered to higher Tattvika trainees from 27 May to 5 June.
  10. ^ For a full explanation of all the aphorisms see (Ānanda Mitra, Av., 1981)
  11. ^ These ácáryas are full-time workers and fully ordained ministers. The juniors, known as brahmachariis and brahmacariniis for male and female respectively, are dressed up in a saffron-coloured top and a white bottom, while the seniors, known as avadhutas and avadhutikas, are dressed in full saffron attire.
  12. ^ WWD is started to empower women to contribute and alleviate suffering of women in many parts of the world.
  13. ^ The poisoning causes serious health problems to the leader, partially damaging his sight.
  14. ^ They were sentenced to a total of 12 years on 1978 (see Birmingham Evening Mail, Saturday, November 4, 1978).
  15. ^ The accusations: 1)the bombing of the Sydney Hilton hotel during the Commonwealth Heads of Government Regional Meeting in Australia (on February 13) and, 2)the conspiracy to murder the leader of the Australian National Front, Robert Cameron (on June 15). Evidence subsequently produced in court showed that Ananda Marga had been closely watched by the Australian Security Intelligence Organisation (ASIO) since the movement arrived in Australia in the early 1970s. This included telephone taps, and other surveillance methods. Subsequent to the appeal to the High Court, a judicial inquiry in New South Wales cast doubt over police informer, Richard Seary, a prosecution witness, on whose affidavits was primarily based prosecution (Responding to Custody Levels – Compensation for Miscarriage of Justice). After a long judicial history the main prosecution witness was recognised as unreliable and the AM members were acquitted (1-Alister v R ("Hilton Bombing case") (1984) HCA 85., 2-Alister v R ("Hilton Bombing case") per Murphy J (2) para 2 (1984) HCA 85., 3-Alister v R ("Hilton Bombing case") per Wilson & Dawson JJ para 17 (1984) HCA 85., 4-Parliament Hansard: Hilton Hotel Bombing, Government of New South Wales, December 9, 1991, accessdate=2008-03-13 (First motion for an inquiry), 5-Pip Wilson (February 13, 2003). Lies, spies and the Sydney Hilton bombing, (accessdate=2008-03-16, archived from the original on 3 March 2008. Retrieved 2008-03-16), 6-Ben Hills. The Hilton Fiasco. SMH 12 February 1998, p.11 (accessed 6 September 2010)). The perpertrators have never been found. Evidence that Australian security forces may have been responsible led to the New South Wales parliament unanimously calling for an inquiry in 1991[1] and 1995.[2] The Government of Australia vetoed any inquiry.
  16. ^ In Italy Sarkar lands at Milan's airport but due to visa problems he is not allowed to access in the country.
  17. ^ On April, Sarkar does not get a visa for the USA due to his problems with the Indian government. (See MacDougall, C. D., 1983).
  18. ^ On this subject see (Sarkar, P. R., 1982) and (Sarkar, P. R., 1987), (Ānanda Mitra, Ā. A. 1986). See also (Prasiidananda, A. A. 1990)
  19. ^ Throughout his life Sarkar gave thousands of speeches on various themes which were further transcribed but not all yet published. The topics included spiritual philosophy, cosmology, history, anthropology, bio-psychology, farming, naturopathy, education, socioeconomic liberation, and other literary works.
  20. ^ Which can be defined as small, subtle entities which he said are the foundation of all existence
  21. ^ He served in that capacity until his death in 2008.

Citations

  1. ^ a b Dharmavedananda 1999, p. 13 to 23.
  2. ^ "Home of PROUT" Prout.org retrieved 2012-06-12 
  3. ^ Bussey 2010, p. 79.
  4. ^ "Ananda Marga Disaster Relief" AMURT retrieved 2012-06-12 
  5. ^ "Amurt ORG" Amurt.org retrieved 2012-06-12 
  6. ^ "AMURT Italia - Volontariato Internazionale - Adozioni a distanza, donazioni, sostegno e volontariato" Amurt.it retrieved 2012-06-12 
  7. ^ a b Ng 1995.
  8. ^ a b c Miller 1999.
  9. ^ The International Commission of Jurists (Geneva) and The International League for the Rights of Man (New York) (August 9, 1976) "Report on the Ananda Marga leader Prabhat Ranjan Sarkar (Baba) in Patna, India" retrieved March 26, 2012 
  10. ^ Barker 1989, p. 168.
  11. ^ Ng, F. 1995.
  12. ^ "Religion: Violent Bliss" Time Magazine May 14, 1973 retrieved March 26, 2012 
  13. ^ Ghista 2011.
  14. ^ "40 Years Since Sarkar Was Jailed, Poisoned" Prout Global January 2011 retrieved March 26, 2012 
  15. ^ Prins 2005, p. 251.
  16. ^ Barker 1989, p. 168 and 54-5.
  17. ^ Prevention of Cruelty to Animals and Plants (PCAP) (Retrieved 24 November 2012).
  18. ^ See Times of India, July 5, 1978.
  19. ^ Melton 2010, p. 105.
  20. ^ a b c Vijayananda 1994, p. 80.

Sources

Online sources

Further reading

  • Ananda Marga Aa. Vv. (1973, 2nd ed.) Teaching asanas: An Ananda Marga manual for teacher Los Altos Hills: Ananda Marga Publications ISBN 0-88476-000-6 
  • Acarya Prasiidananda Avadhuta (1990) Neo-Humanist Ecology Ananda Marga Publications ISBN 971-8623-12-4 
  • Avadhūtika Ānanda Mitra Ācāryā (1986) Neo-humanist Education: Education for a New World Ananda Marga Publications ISBN 0-88476-007-3 
  • Anandamurti, Shrii Shrii (1995-6th ed.) Ananada Marga Caryacarya, part 1 Ananda Marga Publications ISBN 81–7252–028–X Check |isbn= value (help) 
  • Anandamurti, Shrii Shrii (1987-4th ed.) Ananada Marga Caryacarya, part 2 Ananda Marga Publications 
  • Anandamurti, Shrii Shrii (1992-4th ed.) Ananada Marga Caryacarya, part 3 Ananda Marga Publications ISBN 81–7252–154–5 Check |isbn= value (help) 
  • Anandamurti, Shrii Shrii (1961) Ánanda Sútram Jamalpur: Ananda Marga Pubs ISBN 81– 7252– 027– 1 Check |isbn= value (help) 
  • Nandita, & Devadatta. (1971). Path of bliss: Ananda Marga yoga. Wichita, Kan: Ananda Marga Publishers.
  • Hatley, Shaman and Inayatullah, Sohail. (1999),"Karma Samnyasa: Sarkar’s reconceptualization of Indian ascetism”, in K. Ishwaran, ed., Ascetic culture: renunciation and worldly engagement (Leiden, Brill,Vol. 73, International Studies in Sociology and Social Anthropology),139-152
  • Inayatullah, Sohail. (2002) Understanding Sarkar: The Indian Episteme, Macrohistory and Transformative Knowledge. Leiden: Brill.
  • Tarak. (1990). Ananda Marga, social and spiritual practices. Calcutta: Ananda Marga Publications.
  • Anandamurti, Shrii Shrii. (1988). Ananda Marga ideology and way of life in a nutshell. Calcutta: Ānanda Mārga Pracāraka Saṁgha.
  • Sarkar, Prabhat Rainjan (1957-1968) Problems of the Day Jamalpur: Ananda Marga Pubs ISBN 81-7252-019-0 
  • Sarkar, Prabhat Rainjan (Ac. Pranavnanda Avt. Editor) (1961-2001) Idea and Ideology Kolkata: Ananda Marga Publications ISBN 81-7252-205-3 
  • Sarkar, Prabhat Rainjan (1957 first ed. in Bengali, 1983 first ed. in English) Yogic Treatments and Natural Remedies Jamalpur/Calcutta: Ananda Marga Publications ISBN 81–7252–178–2 Check |isbn= value (help) 
  • Sarkar, Prabhat Rainjan (1982) The Liberation of Intellect: Neohumanism Kolkata: Ananda Marga Publications ISBN 81–7252–168–5 Check |isbn= value (help) 
  • Sarkar, Prabhat Rainjan (1987) Neohumanism in a Nutshell, vol. 1 Kolkata: Ananda Marga Publications ISBN 81-7252-184-7 
  • Sarkar, Prabhat Rainjan (1987) Neohumanism in a Nutshell, vol. 2 Kolkata: Ananda Marga Publications ISBN 81-7252-184-7 

External links

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