Help:Footnotes

For the official guideline on citing sources, see Wikipedia:Citing sources.

This page explains how to create the Footnotes section for Wikipedia articles. In this context, the word "Footnotes" refers to the Wikipedia-specific manner of documenting an article's sources, and should not be confused with the general concept of footnotes. This how-to does not cover the formatting of citations within the Footnotes section, which is reviewed in Citing sources.

Footnotes are used most commonly to provide:

• references (bibliographic citations) to reliable sources,
• explanatory information or
• source information for tables and other elements.

The use of Footnotes is only one of several options for providing source information in the article. Other systems of inline citation, including Shortened footnotes and Parenthetical referencing, may be used at the editor's discretion in accordance with the guideline on Variation in citation methods.

Only certain types of material on the English Wikipedia are required to have an inline citation. There is no requirement to provide a citation for every sentence, because multiple sentences may be supported by the same footnote. For advice on which material should be cited, see the guidelines on When you must use inline citations, the Good article criteria and When to cite. For advice on how to organize and format bibliographic citations, see the guideline on Citing sources and examples of Citation templates.

Footnotes are created using the Cite.php software extension. This extension adds the HTML-like elements <ref>...</ref>, <references /> and <references>...</references>. The elements are also used in a number of templates; for example, it is becoming more common to use {{reflist}} rather than <references /> as it can style the reference list.

Overview

The Footnotes system shows two elements on the page:

• A Footnote marker is displayed in the article's content as a bracketed, superscripted number, letter, or word. Examples shown respectively are: . This footnote label is linked to the full footnote. Clicking on the footnote marker jumps the page down to the footnote and highlights the citation.

• A Footnote displays the full citation for the source. Together the footnotes are displayed in an ordered list wherever the reference list markup {{reflist}} is placed. Each entry begins with the footnote label in plain text. The entire reference list is formatted in a slightly smaller font.

Each successive footnote label is automatically incremented. Thus the first footnote marker would be , the second would be and so on. Custom labels are also incremented: , .

For a single use footnote, the label is followed by a caret (^) that is a backlink to the matching footnote marker. For example:

If a named footnote is used in the text multiple times, then the footnote has multiple backlinks shown as letters:

Clicking on the backlink or pressing backspace Template:Keypress returns to the footnote marker.

Footnotes in action

This is a footnote marker.

Footnotes: the basics

To create the footnote marker, determine the point in the page content where the marker is desired and enter the markup with the citation or note inside the <ref>...</ref> tags. For example:

Markup	Renders as
This is page content.<ref>LibreOffice For Starters, First Edition, Flexible Minds, Manchester, 2002, p. 18</ref> {{reflist}}	This is page content.

The {{reflist}} template will be explained in the next section.

The content inside the <ref>...</ref> will show in the reference list. The ref tags can be added anywhere a citation or note is needed. There must be content inside the tags, else an error will show.

The content of the ref tags can be formatted using most wikimarkup or HTML markup, although techniques such as the pipe trick and template substitution, will not work in footnotes. For example:

Markup	Renders as
This is page content.<ref>''LibreOffice For Starters'', First Edition, Flexible Minds, Manchester, 2002, p. 18</ref> {{reflist}}	This is page content.

The ref tag content may also contain an internal or external link:

Markup	Renders as
This is page content.<ref>''[http://www.example.or LibreOffice For Starters]'', First Edition, Flexible Minds, Manchester, 2002, p. 18</ref> {{reflist}}	This is page content.

URLs must begin with a supported URI scheme. http:// and https:// will be supported by all browsers; however, ftp://, gopher://, irc://, ircs://, mailto: and news: will require a plug-in or an external application and should normally be avoided. IPv6 host-names are currently not supported.

If URLs in citation template parameters contain certain characters, then they will not display and link correctly. Those characters need to be percent-encoded. For example, a space must be replaced by %20. To encode the URL, replace the following characters with:

sp	"	'	<	>	[	]	|	}
%20	%22	%27	%3c	%3e	%5b	%5d	%7c	%7d

Single apostrophes do not need to be encoded; however, unencoded multiples will be parsed as italic or bold markup. Single curly closing braces also do not need to be encoded; however, an unencoded pair will be parsed as the double closing braces for the template transclusion.

Reference lists: the basics

Once any number of footnotes have been inserted into the content, the reference list must be generated. For the basic reference list, add {{reflist}} wherever the list is desired. Once the page is saved and viewed, the footnotes will be automatically generated and numbered and the reference list will be generated. The main reference list is placed in a separate section, usually titled "References", "Notes" or the like.

Markup	Renders as
This is page content.<ref>''LibreOffice For Starters'', First Edition, Flexible Minds, Manchester, 2002, p. 18</ref> ==References== {{reflist}}	This is page content. References

When editing, <references /> may been seen instead of {{reflist}}. This is valid, but <references /> does not offer the advanced features of {{reflist}}.

Footnotes: using a source more than once

You can cite the same source more than once on a page by using named footnotes. The syntax to define a named footnote is:

<ref name=name>content</ref>

To invoke the named footnote:

<ref name=name />

Names for footnotes and groups must follow these rules:

• Names are case-sensitive
• Names may not be purely numeric
• Names must be unique— you cannot use the same name to define different groups or footnotes
• Quotes are optional if the only characters used are letters A–Z, a–z, digits 0–9 and the symbols !$%&()*,-.:;<@[]^_`{|}~
• Inclusion of any other characters including spaces requires that the name be enclosed in straight quotes (")
• Quote-enclosed names may not include a less-than sign (<) or a quote symbol (")

• Please consider keeping names simple and restricted to the standard English alphabet and numerals.
• You may optionally provide names even when the name is not required.

Markup	Renders as
This is page content.<ref name=manchester2002>''LibreOffice for Starters'', First Edition, Flexible Minds, Manchester, 2002, p. 18</ref> This is more content.<ref name=manchester2002 /> {{reflist}}	This is page content. This is more content.

The actual name used can be most anything, but it is recommended that it have a connection to the citation or note. A major practice is to use the author-year or publisher-year for the reference name.

Note that the footnote labels are incremented in the order they are used, and that they use the same label when reused, thus the labels can seem out of order:

Markup	Renders as
This is page content.<ref name=manchester2002>''LibreOffice for Starters'', First Edition, Flexible Minds, Manchester, 2002, p. 18</ref> This is more content.<ref name=lexington2004>''OpenOffice for Experts'', Lexington, 2004, p. 18</ref> And even more content.<ref name=manchester2002 /> And again.<ref name=lexington2004 /> {{reflist}}	This is page content. This is more content. And even more content. And again.

Reference lists: columns

Columns are not supported by Internet Explorer 9 and below; see {{reflist}} for technical details

When using {{reflist}}, the list can be split into columns.

{{reflist|xxem}} where xx is the column width in em.

By setting the width in em, the number of columns will automatically be adjusted to the width of the display.

For example:

30em wide columns

Markup	Renders as
Lorem ipsum.<ref>Source name.</ref> Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.<ref>Source name.</ref> ==References== {{reflist|20em}}	Lorem ipsum. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet. References

There is no hard rule on the column width to use, but some major practices include:

• 1 column (default): Where there are only a few footnotes; see Silver State Arena (23:05, 28 December 2012)
• 30em: Where there are a number of footnotes; see 1941 Texas hurricane (14:15, 8 February 2012)
• 20em: Where Shortened footnotes are used; see NBR 224 and 420 Classes (13:32, 1 August 2011).

Footnotes: list-defined references

Main page: Help:List-defined references

Footnotes can also be defined within the reference list and invoked in the page content. This keeps all of the citations in one central location. The syntax is:

{{reflist|refs=
<ref name=name1>Content</ref>
<ref name=name2>Content</ref>
<ref name=name...n>Content</ref>
}}

The footnote markers are included as usual for a named footnote. For example:

Markup	Renders as
The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.<ref name=LazyDog /> Amazingly few discotheques provide jukeboxes.<ref name=Jukeboxes /> How razorback-jumping frogs can level six piqued gymnasts.<ref name=JumpingFrogs /> ==References== {{reflist| refs= <ref name=LazyDog>This is the lazy dog reference.</ref> <ref name=Jukeboxes>This is the jukeboxes reference.</ref> <ref name=JumpingFrogs>This is the jumping frogs reference.</ref> }}	The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog. Amazingly few discothèques provide jukeboxes. How razorback-jumping frogs can level six piqued gymnasts. References

The references will appear numbered in the order that they are referred to in the content, regardless of how they are ordered within the reference list. All references which are defined in the reference list must be used, or else an error message will be shown.

Footnotes: embedding references

Explanatory notes may need to be referenced. Due to limitations in the Cite.php software, reference tags cannot be nested; that is, a set of <ref>...</ref> tags cannot be placed inside another pair of <ref>...</ref> tags. Attempting to do so will result in a cite error.

The template {{refn}} may be used to nest references. The markup is:

{{refn|name=name|group=group|content}} where name and group are optional. The content may include <ref> tags.

The other templates listed in Predefined groups are variants of {{refn}} that include a styled group and have a matching styled reference list template.

Example:

Markup	Renders as
The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.{{refn|group=nb|A footnote.<ref>A reference for the footnote.</ref>}} ==Notes== {{reflist|group=nb}} ==References== {{reflist}}	The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog. Notes References

The use of the magic word #tag:ref is valid, but the sequence of parameters is invariant and nonintuitive. {{refn}} and its variants use this markup internally.

{{#tag:ref|refcontent|name=name|group=groupname}}

Footnotes: groups

Sometimes it is useful to group the footnotes into separate lists, for example to separate explanatory notes from references, or to list references for tables, image captions, infoboxes and navboxes. The sequence of footnote labels is independent in each group. The syntax to define a footnote with a group is:

<ref group=groupname>Content</ref>

The syntax for the reference list with a group is:

{{reflist|group=groupname}}

The group name must not be enclosed in quotes.

Example:

Markup	Renders as
This part of the text requires clarification,<ref group=note>Listed separately from the citation</ref> whereas the entire text is cited.<ref>Citation.</ref> And this need even more clarification.<ref group=note>Another note</ref> ==Notes== {{reflist|group=note}} ==References== {{reflist}}	This part of the text requires clarification, whereas the entire text is cited. And this need even more clarification. Notes References

Note that the footnote labels in the reference list show only the numbers and not the group name.

Footnotes: predefined groups

For technical details, see Help:Cite link labels.

For Shortened footnotes with explanatory footnotes, see Help:Shortened footnotes#Explanatory notes.

See also: Wikipedia:Citing sources#Variation in citation methods and Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Layout#Notes and references

There are several predefined groups that can have a styled reference list such that the footnote labels match between the footnote marker and the footnote in the reference list. These predefined groups and reference lists have templates that make the markup simpler and also allow a standard reference to be inserted, so that an explanatory note can have a reference.

In these examples, the footnote labels match between the footnote marker and the reference list:

Markup	Renders as
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.{{efn|Footnote 1}} Cconsectetur adipisicing elit.{{efn|Footnote 2}} Sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.{{efn|Footnote3}} {{notelist}}	Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet. Cconsectetur adipisicing elit. Sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.

Markup	Renders as
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet.{{efn-lr|Footnote 1}} Cconsectetur adipisicing elit.{{efn-lr|Footnote 2}} Sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.{{efn-lr|Footnote3}} {{notelist-lr}}	Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet. Cconsectetur adipisicing elit. Sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.

Issues

• Backlink labels are always styled as lower-alpha. This can be confusing when {{efn}} is used.
• The entries in the reference list will show the default decimal styling if:
  • The value for |group= does not exactly match one of the predefined values.
  • The value for |group= is enclosed by quotes.
  • {{reflist}} is indented with the : markup.
  • <references /> is used instead of {{reflist}}
• The entries in the reference list will have no styling if:
  • A reference is included in {{navbox}} or one of the variants and the style is set to bodyclass=hlist; to resolve this, replace the style with listclass=hlist.

Reference lists: multiple use

Multiple reference lists may be included on a page. If each reference list uses a different group name, then there are no issues. If columns are set, then there are no issues. Multiple reference lists without group names or columns may be used, but they must be explicitly closed so that the references intended for one list do not appear in another list. To close a reference list, use:

{{reflist|close=1}}

For example:

Markup	Renders as
This is a line of text.<ref>Reference 1</ref> {{reflist|close=1}} This is a 2nd line,<ref>Reference B</ref> {{reflist|close=1}} This is a third line. <ref>Source C</ref> {{reflist|close=1}}	This is a line of text. This is a 2nd line, This is a third line.

Footnotes: page numbers

Main page: Help:References and page numbers

Suppose you would like to cite one book, but different facts appear on different pages. You would like to cite the book again and again, but point each fact to the proper page. Suppose one fact is on page 8, a different fact on page 12, a third fact on page 18, a fourth fact on page 241. You could put a line in the "pages" parameter saying "see pages 8, 12, 18, 241" but a fact-checker might have to check all of them before figuring out the right one. Or, you could duplicate the entire citation for the book in each instance, but that would be redundant. One common approach is to use shortened citations, which requires the use of a References section following the footnotes section. Another approach is to attach a {{rp|8}} right after the footnote marker and replace the "8" with the appropriate page number.

For example:

Markup	Renders as
Schudson said the Constitution shaped citizenship in fundamental ways.<ref name="Schudson">{{Cite book | last = Schudson | first = Michael | title = The Good Citizen: A Brief History of American Civic Life | publisher = Simon & Schuster | date = 1998 | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=aawMAQAAMAAJ | isbn =0-684-82729-8 }}</ref>{{rp|8}} But elections in early American politics did not generate much interest<ref name="Schudson"/>{{rp|12}} while "open discussion of differences" was generally avoided.<ref name="Schudson"/>{{rp|18}} Citizenship later shifted to a polity of essentially "self-absorbed citizens", according to his analysis.<ref name="Schudson"/>{{rp|241}}	Schudson said the Constitution shaped citizenship in fundamental ways. But elections in early American politics did not generate much interest while "open discussion of differences" was generally avoided. Citizenship later shifted to a polity of essentially "self-absorbed citizens", according to his analysis. References

When using list-defined references, {{r}} can be used for the same style of in-text page references.

Previewing edits

When you edit a single section of a page, the footnotes list will not be visible when you preview your edits. Thus you ordinarily cannot see how your footnotes will later appear when you save your edits.

You can insert a {{reflist}} into the edited section temporarily and remove it before saving; you will still not be able to see named references which were defined in other sections.

Tools that can be used are the User:Anomie/ajaxpreview.js script or the wikEd gadget.

RefToolbar

Main article: Wikipedia:RefToolbar/2.0

Using the citation toolbar to name the first reference.

Using the citation toolbar to insert additional references to the first source.

You can use the citation toolbar to name references. When you first create a reference, you can enter a value in the "Ref name" box. When you want to reuse this reference, click the "Named references" button on the citation toolbar and choose which reference you would like to insert.

See also

• Template:Harvard citation#Using CITEREF directly and {{sfnref}}
• Wikipedia:Citing sources/Further considerations—a how-to article with some additional considerations for citing sources
• Wikipedia:Help desk—to ask questions about using footnotes in articles if you were not able to find the information you need on this help page.