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| mcaption = | | mcaption = | ||
|abbreviation = AM | |abbreviation = AM | ||
|motto = | |motto = ''Átmamokśárthaḿ Jagaddhitáyaca'' (liberation of self and service to all) | ||
| founder = Shrii Shrii Anandamurti | | founder = Shrii Shrii Anandamurti | ||
|extinction = | |extinction = | ||
|type = Spiritual path | |type = Spiritual path | ||
|region_served = Worldwide | |region_served = Worldwide | ||
|headquarters = Anandanagar | |headquarters = Anandanagar | ||
|membership = Private persons | |membership = Private persons | ||
|website = {{URL|www.anandamarga.org}} | |website = {{URL|www.anandamarga.org}} | ||
}} | }} | ||
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== History == | == History == | ||
{{Yama-Niyama}} | |||
On 1939 August 2, (at 8:30 pm, on the [[:wikipedia:full moon|full moon]] day of ''Shravani''<ref group=note>''[[Shraavana|Shravan]]'' is the fifth month of the Indian lunar calendar, beginning in late July and ending in the third week of August. It is the month of festivals, commemorating the precedence of the sacred over all aspects of life.</ref> ''Purnima''<ref group=note>''[[wikipedia:Shraavana|Shravani]]'' ''[[wikipedia:Purnima (day)|Purnima]]'' is the [[wikipedia:Full moon|full moon]] in the month of ''Shravan''.</ref>), Sarkar imparted tantric initiation to Kalicharan Bandyopadhyay (after aka Kalikananda Avadhuta) at the ''Kashi Mitra Ghát́'' on the bank of the [[:wikipedia:Bhagirathi|Bhagirathi]] river in [[:wikipedia:Kolkata|Kalikata]] (aka Kolkata or Calcutta), [[:wikipedia:West Bengal|West Bengal]], India. This was the start of Sarkar's formal teaching. Sarkar was 18 years old at the time. From 1941 until 1954, Sarkar continued teaching the techniques of tantra<ref group=note>P.R. Sarkar clearly explained in his books the meaning of [[Tantra]]: "What is ''Tantra''? The process of transforming (latent divinity) into the Supreme Divinity is known as ''Tantra sadhana''... The significance of the term ''tantra'' is 'liberation from bondage (the bondage of dullness or staticity)'. The letter ''ta'' is the seed (sound) of dulness. And the root verb ''trae'' suffixed by ''da'' becomes ''tra'', which means 'that which liberates' - so the spiritual practice which liberates the aspirant from the dullness or animality of the static force and expands the aspirant's (spiritual) self is ''Tantra sadhana''. So there cannot be any spiritual practice without ''Tantra''. {{cite book |title=Discourses on Tantra |volume=2 |author=Shrii Shrii Anandamurti (Ac. Vijayananda Avt. Editor) |city:Kolkata |publisher= AMPS-Ananda Printers |year=1994}} "''Tantra'' in itself is neither a religion nor an 'ism'. Tantra is a fundamental spiritual science. So wherever there is any spiritual practice it should be taken for granted that it stands on the ''Tantric'' cult. Where there is no spiritual practice, where people pray to God for the fulfillment of narrow worldly desires, where people's only slogan is "Give us this and give us that" – only there do we find that Tantra is discouraged. So only those who do not understand ''Tantra'', or even after understanding ''Tantra'' do not want to do any [[spiritual practice]], oppose the [[cult]] of ''Tantra''." (Anandamurti, Shrii Shrii, 1959).</ref> to a select few in [[:wikipedia:Jamalpur, Munger|Jamalpur]] (in Bihar, India), while employed as an accountant of the [[wikipedia:Indian Railways|Indian Railways]]. In 1955, Sarkar founded the [[Ananda Marga Pracaraka Samgha]], taking on the role of its first president. Sarkar then resigned from his job with the Indian Railways to dedicate his full time to that mission. From 1955 until his death in 1990, Sarkar not only went on expanding the scope and global penetration of the Samgha, but he also continuously amplified the teachings and practices of his Ananda Marga. Among other things, in the course of those 35 years, he produced over 200 books on a wide range of topics, he extensively expounded his social theory ([[PROUT]]), he set forth his ultra-positive social outlook ([[Neohumanism]]), and he composed 5,018 songs ([[Prabhat Samgiita]]). To promote his Ananda Marga, Sarkar created a cadre of spiritual teachers, known as [[tattvika]]s and [[acarya]]s. Those teachers who became renunciates were initiated by Sarkar into the [[wikipedia:Shaivism|Shaivite]] order of [[avadhuta]]. | |||
On 1939 August 2, (at 8:30 pm, on the [[:wikipedia:full moon|full moon]] day of ''Shravani''<ref group=note>''[[Shraavana|Shravan]]'' is the fifth month of the Indian lunar calendar, beginning in late July and ending in the third week of August. It is the month of festivals, commemorating the precedence of the sacred over all aspects of life.</ref> ''Purnima''<ref group=note>''[[wikipedia:Shraavana|Shravani]]'' ''[[wikipedia:Purnima (day)|Purnima]]'' is the [[wikipedia:Full moon|full moon]] in the month of ''Shravan''.</ref>), Sarkar imparted tantric initiation to Kalicharan Bandyopadhyay (after aka Kalikananda Avadhuta) at the ''Kashi Mitra Ghát́'' on the bank of the [[:wikipedia:Bhagirathi|Bhagirathi]] river in [[:wikipedia:Kolkata|Kalikata]] (aka Kolkata or Calcutta), [[:wikipedia:West Bengal|West Bengal]], India. This was the start of Sarkar's formal teaching. Sarkar was 18 years old at the time. From 1941 until | |||
=== Chronology === | === Chronology === | ||
<div style="height: 250px; overflow: auto; padding: 3px; border:1px solid #AAAAAA; reflist4" > | <div style="height: 250px; overflow: auto; padding: 3px; border:1px solid #AAAAAA; reflist4" > | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|+ | |+ | ||
! Date !! Events | ! Date !! Events | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ''' | | '''1939''' || August 2: Sarkar initiates his first disciple. | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''1955''' || January 5: | | '''1954''' || November 7: For the first time, Sarkar addresses all his disciples at a spiritual gathering.{{sfn|Dharmavedananda|1999|p=13 to 23}} | ||
January 9: Sarkar officially | |- | ||
| '''1955''' || January 5: Sarkar declares his ''Ananda Marga'' (Path of Bliss). | |||
January 9: Sarkar officially inaugurates the ''Ananda Marga Pracaraka Samgha'' ("Organization for Propagation of the Ananda Marga"). The motto of the organization is ''Átmamokśárthaḿ Jagaddhitáyaca'' (liberation of self and service to all).{{sfn|Dharmavedananda|1999|p=13 to 23}} | |||
At Rampur Colony, Jamalpur, Sarkar conducts the first ''Dharma Maha Cakra'' (DMC).<ref group=note>A spiritual discourse that ends with Sarkar, as Guru, blessing those in attendance with his ''varabhaya mudra''.</ref> | |||
March 15 to 28: Sarkar creates his first ''[[acarya]]s''. Sarkar's first books<ref group=note>Sarkar signed in the name of Shrii Prabhat Ranjan Sarkar when discussing [[sociology]], economics, [[philology]] and various other subjects including children's tales, and in the name Shrii Shrii Ánandamúrti when focusing on spiritual topics.</ref> were published. The first book was ''[[Ananda Marga Elementary Philosophy]]''.<ref group=note>This book contains the elementary philosophy of the Ánanda Márga mission (see Anandamurti, S. S., 1955).</ref> The second book was ''[[Problems of the Day|Problem of the Day]]''. | |||
|- | |- | ||
| '''1956''' || Sarkar | | '''1956''' || Sarkar expounds his social code, ''Caryacarya'' (''carya''="dos"; ''acarya''="don'ts") in three volumes (Anandamurti, Shrii Shrii, 1995-6th ed.). | ||
The [[Ananda Marga College]] is founded at [[Anandanagar]]. | |||
|- | |- | ||
| '''1957''' || Sarkar dictates the book ''Guide to Human Conduct'' (Anandamurti, S. S., 1957-1981), | | '''1957''' || Sarkar dictates the book ''A Guide to Human Conduct'' (Anandamurti, S. S., 1957-1981), in which he sets out the ten principles of yogic morality, ''Yama-Niyama''. | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''1958''' || 25 January: at [[Trimuhan]] ([[Bhagalpur]] district, [[Bihar]], India) "Renaissance Universal" (RU)<ref group=note>RU is the first of the 35 boards of the organization.</ref> and "Renaissance Artists and Writers Association" (RAWA) boards are founded.<ref group=note>RAWA is founded during a ''Dharma Maha Chakra'' (DMC) held in [[Bhagalpur]] (at the house of Aniruddha Prasad, one of Sarkar's disciples) in order to restore art to its true meaning.</ref> Sarkar publishes ''Yogic Treatment and Natural Remedies'' (Sarkar, P. R., 1957-Beng. 1983-Eng.) | | '''1958''' || 25 January: at [[Trimuhan]] ([[Bhagalpur]] district, [[Bihar]], India) "Renaissance Universal" (RU)<ref group=note>RU is the first of the 35 boards of the organization.</ref> and "Renaissance Artists and Writers Association" (RAWA) boards are founded.<ref group=note>RAWA is founded during a ''Dharma Maha Chakra'' (DMC) held in [[Bhagalpur]] (at the house of Aniruddha Prasad, one of Sarkar's disciples) in order to restore art to its true meaning.</ref> Sarkar publishes ''Yogic Treatment and Natural Remedies'' (Sarkar, P. R., 1957-Beng. 1983-Eng.) | ||
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The [[Spirituality|spiritual]] philosophy of ''Ananda Marga'' covers a vast range of [[Topic–comment|topic]]s and can be [[Learning|learned]] from P.R. Sarkar's publications. ''Ananda Marga'' philosophy recognizes that the [[universe]] is the creation of the mental [[thought]]-[[waves]] of the 'Supreme counsciousness'. The following is a brief list of the essential elements of ''Ananda Marga'' Spiritual Philosophy: | The [[Spirituality|spiritual]] philosophy of ''Ananda Marga'' covers a vast range of [[Topic–comment|topic]]s and can be [[Learning|learned]] from P.R. Sarkar's publications. ''Ananda Marga'' philosophy recognizes that the [[universe]] is the creation of the mental [[thought]]-[[waves]] of the 'Supreme counsciousness'. The following is a brief list of the essential elements of ''Ananda Marga'' Spiritual Philosophy: | ||
* '''Atma''' or '''[[Soul]]''' and '''[[Paramatma]]''' or the '''[[Cosmic Consciousness]]''': the Consciousness (''Purusa'') is [[Reflection (physics)|reflected]] in the unit objects forming the "unit consciousness" (''atma'') or [[soul]]. Particularly the reflection of the soul on the mind is called ''jiivatma'' and in that case the "reflector-soul" is called ''Paramatma'' (Supreme Soul).<ref group=note>''Vis’aya purus’a'vabha’shah jiiva’tma’'': "The reflection of Consciousness - ''Purusa'' - in the unit object is known as ''jiiva’tma'' - "unit soul" - (''A’nanda Sutram'', Chapter 2, Sutra 8 (2-8) in Avadhūtika Ānanda Mitra Ācāryā, 1981).</ref> | * '''Atma''' or '''[[Soul]]''' and '''[[Paramatma]]''' or the '''[[Cosmic Consciousness]]''': the Consciousness (''Purusa'') is [[Reflection (physics)|reflected]] in the unit objects forming the "unit consciousness" (''atma'') or [[soul]]. Particularly the reflection of the soul on the mind is called ''jiivatma'' and in that case the "reflector-soul" is called ''Paramatma'' (Supreme Soul).<ref group=note>''Vis’aya purus’a'vabha’shah jiiva’tma’'': "The reflection of Consciousness - ''Purusa'' - in the unit object is known as ''jiiva’tma'' - "unit soul" - (''A’nanda Sutram'', Chapter 2, Sutra 8 (2-8) in Avadhūtika Ānanda Mitra Ācāryā, 1981).</ref> | ||
* '''Realms of the [[Mind]]''': according to ''Ananda Marga'' philosophy the human mind is composed of five layers called ''Kosas'':<ref group=note>The last three deeper layers are collectively called "Causal Mind". "Causal" signifies that these layers are in the most direct contact with the "Causal Consciousness" from which the mind has evolved and within which it exists.</ref> 1)''Kamamaya Kosa'' ("desire layer") or "Crude Mind": is the crudest layer, purified through adherence to the yogic code of morality, Yama-Niyama.<ref group=note>This ''Kosa'' controls the various autonomic activities of the body and the expression of the mental propensities, known as ''vrtti'', in [[Samskrta]].</ref> 2)''Manomaya Kosa'' ("layer of thinking") or "Subtle Mind": is the layer of thought and memory.<ref group=note>This ''Kosa'' gives experience of pleasure and pain. It is developed naturally through physical clash, and in ''Ananda Marga sadhana'' by ''pranayama'' with cosmic ideation.</ref> 3)''Atimanasa Kosa'' or "Supramental Mind": is the intuitive layer.<ref group=note>This ''Kosa'' gives the capacity of intuitive [[dream]]s, [[clairvoyance]], [[telepathy]] and [[creativity|creative]] insight. It is developed naturally through psychic clash, and in ''Ananda Marga sadhana'' by methods of ''pratyahara'' (withdrawal) such as ''shuddhis'' and ''Guru Puja''.</ref> 4)''Vijinanamaya Kosa'' ("layer of the special knowledge") or "Subliminal Mind": is the layer of conscience or discrimination (''viveka'') and ''[[Vairagya|vaeragya]]'' (non-attachment).<ref group=note>This ''Kosa'' is developed naturally through psychic clash, and its development is accelerated by the process of ''dharana''.</ref> 5)''Hiranyamaya Kosa'' ("golden level") or "Subtle Causal Mind": is the subtlest layer. Here the [[awareness]] of mind is very close to the direct [[experience]] of "Supreme Consciousness".<ref group=note>Here there is only the separation of a thin veil of ignorance. This ''Kosa'' is developed naturally through the attraction for the Great, and ''[[Dhyana in Hinduism|dhyana]]'' accelerates this process for ''[[sadhaka]]s'' (spirituals aspirants).</ref> | * '''Realms of the [[Mind]]''': according to ''Ananda Marga'' philosophy the human mind is composed of five layers called ''Kosas'':<ref group=note>The last three deeper layers are collectively called "Causal Mind". "Causal" signifies that these layers are in the most direct contact with the "Causal Consciousness" from which the mind has evolved and within which it exists.</ref> 1)''Kamamaya Kosa'' ("desire layer") or "Crude Mind": is the crudest layer, purified through adherence to the yogic code of morality, Yama-Niyama.<ref group=note>This ''Kosa'' controls the various autonomic activities of the body and the expression of the mental propensities, known as ''vrtti'', in [[Samskrta]].</ref> 2)''Manomaya Kosa'' ("layer of thinking") or "Subtle Mind": is the layer of thought and memory.<ref group=note>This ''Kosa'' gives experience of pleasure and pain. It is developed naturally through physical clash, and in ''Ananda Marga sadhana'' by ''pranayama'' with cosmic ideation.</ref> 3)''Atimanasa Kosa'' or "Supramental Mind": is the intuitive layer.<ref group=note>This ''Kosa'' gives the capacity of intuitive [[dream]]s, [[clairvoyance]], [[telepathy]] and [[creativity|creative]] insight. It is developed naturally through psychic clash, and in ''Ananda Marga sadhana'' by methods of ''pratyahara'' (withdrawal) such as ''shuddhis'' and ''Guru Puja''.</ref> 4)''Vijinanamaya Kosa'' ("layer of the special knowledge") or "Subliminal Mind": is the layer of conscience or discrimination (''viveka'') and ''[[Vairagya|vaeragya]]'' (non-attachment).<ref group=note>This ''Kosa'' is developed naturally through psychic clash, and its development is accelerated by the process of ''dharana''.</ref> 5)''Hiranyamaya Kosa'' ("golden level") or "Subtle Causal Mind": is the subtlest layer. Here the [[awareness]] of mind is very close to the direct [[experience]] of "Supreme Consciousness".<ref group=note>Here there is only the separation of a thin veil of ignorance. This ''Kosa'' is developed naturally through the attraction for the Great, and ''[[Dhyana in Hinduism|dhyana]]'' accelerates this process for ''[[sadhaka]]s'' (spirituals aspirants).</ref> | ||
* '''[[Microvita theory]]''': ''Microvita'' is plural for ''Micro-vitum'' and literally means "micro-life". The concept was first introduced on 1986 through a series of lectures by P.R. Sarkar. According to this notion, microvita are entities which come within the realms both of physicality of psychic expression. They are smaller and subtler than physical [[atom]]s and [[subatomic particle]]s, and in the [[psychic]] realm they may be subtler than mind–stuff, and contribute to "pure consciousness".{{sfn|Dalal|2011|p=325}} The author predicted in 1991 that they would soon be recognized by conventional science.{{sfn|Sarkar|1991}} They have not been. | * '''[[Microvita theory]]''': ''Microvita'' is plural for ''Micro-vitum'' and literally means "micro-life". The concept was first introduced on 1986 through a series of lectures by P.R. Sarkar. According to this notion, microvita are entities which come within the realms both of physicality of psychic expression. They are smaller and subtler than physical [[atom]]s and [[subatomic particle]]s, and in the [[psychic]] realm they may be subtler than mind–stuff, and contribute to "pure consciousness".{{sfn|Dalal|2011|p=325}} The author predicted in 1991 that they would soon be recognized by conventional science.{{sfn|Sarkar|1991}} They have not been. | ||
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== External links == | == External links == | ||
* [http://www.anandamarga.org/ ''Ananda Marga''.org] | |||
* [http://www.anandamarga.net/ ''Ananda Marga''.net] | |||
* [http://am-bhagavatadharma.com/ ''Ananda Marga Bhagavatadharma''] | |||
* [http://www.amaye.org/ "''Ananda Marga'' Association of ''Yoga'' Educators" (AMAYE)] | |||
* [http://www.amurt.org "''Ananda Marga'' Universal Relief Team" (AMURT)] |