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|keywords=prout,sarkar,progressive utilization theory,utilisation,economics,law,politics,social justice,economic democracy,crime,social cycle,five fundamental principles,progress,wealth gap,world government,socioeconomic zones,balanced economy,quadridimensional economics,people's economy,psycho-economy,prama,women's rights,social change,sadvipra
|keywords=prout,sarkar,progressive utilization theory,utilisation,economics,law,politics,social justice,economic democracy,crime,social cycle,five fundamental principles,progress,wealth gap,world government,socioeconomic zones,balanced economy,quadridimensional economics,people's economy,psycho-economy,prama,women's rights,social change,sadvipra
|description=broad introduction to PROUT
|description=PROUT, the  Progressive Utilization Theory of Prabhat Ranjan Sarkar, is a systematic collection of social, economic, and political principles for a healthy society.
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'''Progressive Utilization Theory''' or '''PROUT''' is the comprehensive social theory propounded by Indian philosopher and spiritual leader [[Prabhat Ranjan Sarkar]] (1921–1990). PROUT is not concerned solely with [[:wikipedia:Property rights|property rights]] and [[:wikipedia:Economics|economics]]. Rather, it encompasses the whole of individual and collective existence, not just for human beings but for all beings. Supporters of PROUT (proutists) claim that the theory overcomes the limitations of both capitalism and communism.<ref>Craig, Edward, ed. (1998). ''Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Sociology of Knowledge to Zoroastrianism''. Routledge (Taylor & Francis). ISBN 0-415-16916-X.</ref>
'''Progressive Utilization Theory''' ('''PROUT''') is the social theory given by [[Prabhat Ranjan Sarkar]]. PROUT is concerned with more than just [[:wikipedia:Property rights|property rights]] and [[:wikipedia:Economics|economics]]. It encompasses the whole of individual and collective existence, not just for human beings but for all beings. Supporters of PROUT (proutists) claim that the theory exposes and overcomes the limitations of both capitalism and communism.<ref>Craig, Edward, ed. (1998). ''Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Sociology of Knowledge to Zoroastrianism''. Routledge (Taylor & Francis). ISBN 0-415-16916-X.</ref>


Sarkar introduced PROUT in 1959. In 1962, he formally outlined PROUT. Throughout the rest of his life, he continually amplified the subject.
Sarkar introduced PROUT in 1959. In 1962, he formally outlined PROUT. Throughout the rest of his life, he continually amplified the subject.


== Definition ==
== Definition ==
PROUT may be defined by examining the three words from which the acronym is derived: ''[[#Progressive|progressive]]'', ''[[#Utilization|utilization]]'', and ''[[#Theory|theory]]''.
PROUT may best be defined by examining the three words from which the acronym is derived: ''[[#Progressive|progressive]]'', ''[[#Utilization|utilization]]'', and ''[[#Theory|theory]]''.


=== Progressive ===
=== Progressive ===
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| 1971–1978 || Sarkar was imprisoned until acquittal. A common belief among his supporters is that the main cause of his arrest was the propounding of PROUT. While imprisoned, Sarkar's mission, including his vision for socioeconomic change embodied in PROUT, spread worldwide.
| 1971–1978 || Sarkar was imprisoned until acquittal. A common belief among his supporters is that the main cause of his arrest was the propounding of PROUT. While imprisoned, Sarkar's mission, including his vision for socioeconomic change embodied in PROUT, spread worldwide.
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| 1978 || Sarkar established Proutist Universal (PU) for the propagation of PROUT around the world. Included in PU are five federations: [[Universal Proutist Farmers Federation]] (UPFF), [[Universal Proutist Intellectuals Federation]] (UPIF), [[Universal Proutist Labor Federation]] (UPLF), [[Universal Proutist Students Federation]] (UPSF), and [[Universal Proutist Youth Federation]] (UPYF). Associated with PU, is [[Girls' PROUT]] (GP), also known as Women's PROUT (WP).
| 1978 || Sarkar established [[Proutist Universal]] (PU) for the propagation of PROUT around the world. Included in PU are five federations: [[Universal Proutist Farmers Federation]] (UPFF), [[Universal Proutist Intellectuals Federation]] (UPIF), [[Universal Proutist Labor Federation]] (UPLF), [[Universal Proutist Students Federation]] (UPSF), and [[Universal Proutist Youth Federation]] (UPYF). Associated with PU, is [[Girls' PROUT]] (GP), also known as Women's PROUT (WP).
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| 1978–1990 || Sarkar continually amplified PROUT throughout the rest of his life.
| 1978–1990 || Sarkar continually amplified PROUT throughout the rest of his life.
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==== Tantra ====
==== Tantra ====
The main outline for PROUT<ref>Anandamurti, Shrii Shrii (1962). ''[[Ananda Sutram]]. [[Ananda Marga Publications]]. ISBN 81–7252–027–1.</ref> appears at the end of a book of [[Samskrta]] [[Ananda Sutram|sutras]] that are mostly devoted to subjects related to or derived from [[tantra]]. This includes the [[yogic]] tradition. As such, much of the new terminology employed by PROUT is expressed in Samskrta. And all of PROUT may be viewed as having a [[Spirituality|spiritual]], but not religious, foundation.
The main outline for PROUT<ref>Anandamurti, Shrii Shrii (1962). ''[[Ananda Sutram]]. [[Ananda Marga Publications]]. ISBN 81–7252–027–1.</ref> appears at the end of a book of [[Samskrta]] [[Ananda Sutram|sutras]] that are mostly devoted to subjects related to or derived from [[Discourses on Tantra|tantra]]. This includes the [[Yoga Tattva Part 1|yogic]] tradition. As such, much of the new terminology employed by PROUT is expressed in Samskrta. And all of PROUT may be viewed as having a [[Spiritual philosophy of Ananda Marga|spiritual]], but not religious, foundation.


==== Socialism ====
==== Socialism ====
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== Five fundamental principles ==
== Five fundamental principles ==
<imagemap>Image:PROUT SocialPyramid.jpg|Layers of social concern. Flowing upwards, they correspond with the five fundamental principles of PROUT.<ref name="Abhidevananda, Acarya Avt 1978"/> (Click a layer to read more on the topic.)|220px|thumb
{{main|Five Fundamental Principles of PROUT}}
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In 1962, Sarkar formally outlined PROUT in sixteen numbered [[Samskrta]] aphorisms (see Chapter 5 of ''[[Ananda Sutram]]''<ref>Anandamurti, Shrii Shrii (1962). ''Ánanda Sútram''. [[Ananda Marga Publications]]. ISBN 81–7252–027–1.</ref>). The last five numbered aphorisms (5:12–16) are commonly referred to as the ''five fundamental principles of PROUT''. These five principles are deemed to be ''fundamental'', because it would be difficult to get a clear understanding of PROUT without comprehending the underlying concepts of these principles, the interrelationship of the principles, and their respective areas of application.  
[[Ananda Sutram]] is the commanding authority on all of Sarkar's philosophy. There, in 1962, Sarkar formally outlined PROUT in sixteen numbered [[Samskrta]] aphorisms (see Chapter 5 of ''[[Ananda Sutram]]''<ref>Anandamurti, Shrii Shrii (1962). ''Ánanda Sútram''. [[Ananda Marga Publications]]. ISBN 81–7252–027–1.</ref>). The last five numbered aphorisms (5:12–16) are commonly referred to as the ''five fundamental principles of PROUT''. These five principles are deemed to be ''fundamental'', because it would be difficult to get a clear understanding of PROUT without comprehending the underlying concepts of these principles, the interrelationship of the principles, and their respective areas of application.  


The five aphorisms from ''Ananda Sutram'' translate into English as follows:<ref>Bjonnes, Roar (2012). ''Principles for a Balanced Economy: An Introduction to the Progressive Utilization Theory''. Copenhagen, Denmark: PROUT Research Institute. ISBN 978-0-9857585-0-9.</ref>
The five aphorisms from ''Ananda Sutram'' translate into English as follows:<ref>Bjonnes, Roar (2012). ''Principles for a Balanced Economy: An Introduction to the Progressive Utilization Theory''. Copenhagen, Denmark: PROUT Research Institute. ISBN 978-0-9857585-0-9.</ref>
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The [[#fp2|second fundamental principle]] of PROUT reduces economics to its two rudimental elements: production and distribution. To optimize production, PROUT prescribes maximum utilization of all resources, animate and inanimate. To optimize distribution, PROUT prescribes a rational approach (in contrast to [[:wikipedia:Adam Smith|Adam Smith's]] ''[[:wikipedia:Invisible hand|invisible hand]]''<ref>Adam Smith (1759), Section IV.1.10 of ''The Theory of Moral Sentiments''and Adam Smith (1776), Section IV.2.9 of ''An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations'' [http://www.econlib.org/cgi-bin/searchbooks.pl?searchtype=BookSearch&pgct=1&sortby=R&searchfield=F&grp=AllSmith&id=&query=invisible+hand&x=3&y=9&andor=and Library of Economics and Liberty].</ref> and [[:wikipedia:Karl Marx|Karl Marx's]] ''[[:wikipedia:To each according to his contribution|according to contribution]]'' or ''[[:wikipedia:From each according to his ability, to each according to his need|according to need]]''<ref>[[:wikipedia:Karl Marx|Marx, Karl]] (1875). [http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1875/gotha/ch01.htm "Part I"]. ''Critique of the Gotha Program''. Retrieved 2008-07-15.</ref>). To  implement such an economy, PROUT analyzes economics in respect to four dimensions: ''[[#People's economy|people's economy]]'', ''[[#Psycho-economy|psycho-economy]]'', ''[[#Commercial economy|commercial economy]]'', and ''[[#General economy|general economy]]''. Regarding these four dimensions of economics, Sarkar states:
[[#fp2|The second fundamental principle]] of PROUT reduces economics to its two rudimental elements: production and distribution. To optimize production, PROUT prescribes maximum utilization of all resources, animate and inanimate. To optimize distribution, PROUT prescribes a rational approach (in contrast to [[:wikipedia:Adam Smith|Adam Smith's]] ''[[:wikipedia:Invisible hand|invisible hand]]''<ref>Adam Smith (1759), Section IV.1.10 of ''The Theory of Moral Sentiments''and Adam Smith (1776), Section IV.2.9 of ''An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations'' [http://www.econlib.org/cgi-bin/searchbooks.pl?searchtype=BookSearch&pgct=1&sortby=R&searchfield=F&grp=AllSmith&id=&query=invisible+hand&x=3&y=9&andor=and Library of Economics and Liberty].</ref> and [[:wikipedia:Karl Marx|Karl Marx's]] ''[[:wikipedia:To each according to his contribution|according to contribution]]'' or ''[[:wikipedia:From each according to his ability, to each according to his need|according to need]]''<ref>[[:wikipedia:Karl Marx|Marx, Karl]] (1875). [http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1875/gotha/ch01.htm "Part I"]. ''Critique of the Gotha Program''. Retrieved 2008-07-15.</ref>). To  implement such an economy, PROUT analyzes economics in respect to four dimensions: ''[[#People's economy|people's economy]]'', ''[[#Psycho-economy|psycho-economy]]'', ''[[#Commercial economy|commercial economy]]'', and ''[[#General economy|general economy]]''. Regarding these four dimensions of economics, Sarkar states:
{{Quote|''Most economists today understand only a little of the principles of general economy and something of commercial economy, but both of these parts are still in an undeveloped stage. People’s economy and psycho-economy are totally overlooked by modern economists, and as such could find no place in the present mode of economic thinking.''<ref name="ReferenceA">Sarkar, Prabhat Ranjan (1986). "The Parts of the Economy" published in ''A Few Problems Solved Part 7''. [[Ananda Marga Publications]].</ref>}}
{{Quote|''Most economists today understand only a little of the principles of general economy and something of commercial economy, but both of these parts are still in an undeveloped stage. People’s economy and psycho-economy are totally overlooked by modern economists, and as such could find no place in the present mode of economic thinking.''<ref name="ReferenceA">Sarkar, Prabhat Ranjan (1986). "The Parts of the Economy" published in ''A Few Problems Solved Part 7''. [[Ananda Marga Publications]].</ref>}}


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==== Minimum requirements according to era ====
==== Minimum requirements according to era ====
Human longings are unlimited. What is considered to be an [[#Amenities|amenity]] today may be viewed as a ''minimum requirement'' tomorrow. For example, consider cellphones. This is a relatively new technology. The [http://www.google.com/patents?id=nO8tAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom=4#v=onepage&q&f=false first patent] to be taken out on a handheld cellphone was in October 1973.<ref name=radiotelsys>[[:wikipedia:Martin Cooper (inventor)|Martin Cooper]], et al., [http://www.google.com/patents?id=nO8tAAAAEBAJ&dq=martin+cooper "Radio Telephone System"], US Patent number 3,906,166; Filing date: 17 October 1973; Issue date: September 1975; Assignee [[:wikipedia:Motorola|Motorola]]</ref> Today, less than 40 years later, there are over 6 billion mobile phone subscriptions, reaching 87% of the global population.<ref>[http://mobithinking.com/mobile-marketing-tools/latest-mobile-stats/a#subscribers "Global mobile statistics 2012 Part A: Mobile subscribers; handset market share; mobile operators"]. ''Mobithinking''. 9 August 2012.</ref> In other words, cellphones have even penetrated the [[:wikipedia:Bottom of the pyramid|bottom of the economic pyramid]], effectively making them what PROUT would deem to be a ''minimum requirement according to era''. In the view of PROUT, human society is not just obliged to provide everyone with the [[#Minimum requirements of life|minimum requirements of life]]. Rather, human society is obliged to provide everyone with whatever may constitute the minimum requirements according to era.<ref>Anandamurti, Shrii Shrii (1962). ''[[Ananda Sutram]]'' (Sutra 5:9). [[Ananda Marga Publications]]. ISBN 81–7252–027–1.</ref>
Human longings are unlimited. What is considered to be an [[#Amenities|amenity]] today may be viewed as a ''minimum requirement'' tomorrow. For example, consider cellphones. This is a relatively new technology. The [http://www.google.com/patents?id=nO8tAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom=4#v=onepage&q&f=false first patent] to be taken out on a handheld cellphone was in October 1973.<ref name=radiotelsys>[[:wikipedia:Martin Cooper (inventor)|Martin Cooper]], et al., [http://www.google.com/patents?id=nO8tAAAAEBAJ&dq=martin+cooper "Radio Telephone System"], US Patent number 3,906,166; Filing date: 17 October 1973; Issue date: September 1975; Assignee [[:wikipedia:Motorola|Motorola]]</ref> As of 2014, barely 40 years later, there were almost 7 billion mobile phone subscriptions, equivalent to 95.5% of the global population.<ref>[https://mobiforge.com/research-analysis/global-mobile-statistics-2014-part-a-mobile-subscribers-handset-market-share-mobile-operators#subscribers Global mobile statistics 2014 Part A: Mobile subscribers; handset market share; mobile operators]. ''mobiThinking''. 16 May 2014.</ref> In other words, cellphones have even penetrated the [[:wikipedia:Bottom of the pyramid|bottom of the economic pyramid]], effectively making them what PROUT would deem to be a ''minimum requirement according to era''. In the view of PROUT, human society is not just obliged to provide everyone with the [[#Minimum requirements of life|minimum requirements of life]]. Rather, human society is obliged to provide everyone with whatever may constitute the minimum requirements according to era.<ref>Anandamurti, Shrii Shrii (1962). ''[[Ananda Sutram]]'' (Sutra 5:9). [[Ananda Marga Publications]]. ISBN 81–7252–027–1.</ref>


=== Morality ===
=== Morality ===
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* [[Abhidevananda Avadhuta|Abhidevananda, Ac. Avt.]] (1978). [[PROUT Primer]]. Amazon Digital Services, Inc. [[:wikipedia:Amazon Standard Identification Number|ASIN]] B005G2CWSK.
* [[Abhidevananda Avadhuta|Abhidevananda, Ac. Avt.]] (1978). [[PROUT Primer]]. Amazon Digital Services, Inc. [[:wikipedia:Amazon Standard Identification Number|ASIN]] B005G2CWSK.
* [[Abhidevananda Avadhuta|Abhidevananda, Ac. Avt.]] (1984). [[PROUT Social Analysis]].
* [[Abhidevananda Avadhuta|Abhidevananda, Ac. Avt.]] (1984). [[PROUT Social Analysis]].
* [[Abhidevananda Avadhuta|Abhidevananda, Ac. Avt.]] (2011). [[Capitalism versus PROUT]].
* Adams, Paul (2011). [[Capitalism versus PROUT]]. Amazon Digital Services, Inc. [[:wikipedia:Amazon Standard Identification Number|ASIN]] B01FB5ZKO4.  
* [[Shrii Shrii Anandamurti|Anandamurti, Shrii Shrii]] (1962). [[Ananda Sutram]]. [[Ananda Marga Publications]]. ISBN 81–7252–027–1.
* [[Shrii Shrii Anandamurti|Anandamurti, Shrii Shrii]] (1962). [[Ananda Sutram]]. [[Ananda Marga Publications]]. ISBN 81–7252–027–1.
* [[Ravi Batra|Batra, Ravi]] (1989). ''Progressive Utilization Theory: Prout – An Economic Solution to Poverty in The Third World,'' Manila: [[Ananda Marga Publications]].
* [[Ravi Batra|Batra, Ravi]] (1989). ''Progressive Utilization Theory: Prout – An Economic Solution to Poverty in The Third World,'' Manila: [[Ananda Marga Publications]].
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* Krtashivananda, Acarya Avt. ''Democracy in Practice'', PROUT Globe, http://www.proutglobe.org/2011/05/democracy-in-practice/.
* Krtashivananda, Acarya Avt. ''Democracy in Practice'', PROUT Globe, http://www.proutglobe.org/2011/05/democracy-in-practice/.
* Krtashivananda, Acarya Avt. ''Individual Liberty and Collective Interest,'' PROUT Globe, http://www.proutglobe.org/prout/foundations/2011/05/individual-liberty-and-collective-interest/.
* Krtashivananda, Acarya Avt. ''Individual Liberty and Collective Interest,'' PROUT Globe, http://www.proutglobe.org/prout/foundations/2011/05/individual-liberty-and-collective-interest/.
* Krtashivananda, Acarya Avt. (1988). ''Prout Manifesto'', Copenhagen: [[Proutist Universal Publications]].
* Krtashivananda, Acarya Avt. (1988). ''Prout Manifesto'', Copenhagen: Proutist Universal Publications.
* Krtashivananda, Acarya Avt. ''The Historical Need for Prout'', PROUT Globe, http://www.proutglobe.org/2011/06/the-historical-need-for-prout/.
* Krtashivananda, Acarya Avt. ''The Historical Need for Prout'', PROUT Globe, http://www.proutglobe.org/2011/06/the-historical-need-for-prout/.
* Kumar, Jayanta, ed. (1987). ''New Aspects of PROUT'',  Calcutta: [[Proutist Universal Publications]].
* Kumar, Jayanta, ed. (1987). ''New Aspects of PROUT'',  Calcutta: Proutist Universal Publications.
* Lokesh, M.B. (1990). ''Prout: And The End of Capitalism and Communism''.  [[Proutist Universal Publications]]. Torino, Italy.
* Lokesh, M.B. (1990). ''Prout: And The End of Capitalism and Communism''.  Proutist Universal Publications. Torino, Italy.
* Maheshvarananda, Dada (2003). ''After Capitalism: Prout's Vision for a New World'', Wash. D.C.: [[Proutist Universal Publications]].
* Maheshvarananda, Dada (2003). ''After Capitalism: Prout's Vision for a New World'', Wash. D.C.: Proutist Universal Publications.
* Maheshvarananda, Dada (1998). ''The Economy of Social Responsibility and Spirituality: An Interview with Dr. Marcos Arruda,''  New Renaissance, Vol. 7, No. 3. pp.&nbsp;12–14.
* Maheshvarananda, Dada (1998). ''The Economy of Social Responsibility and Spirituality: An Interview with Dr. Marcos Arruda,''  New Renaissance, Vol. 7, No. 3. pp.&nbsp;12–14.
* Maheshvarananda, Dada, and Branch, Maria (2010). ''[http://priven.org/publications/#2 The Progressive Utilization Theory (Prout): Alternative Economic and Social Model for the Welfare of All]'' in Working USA: Journal of Labor and Society.
* Maheshvarananda, Dada, and Branch, Maria (2010). ''[http://priven.org/publications/#2 The Progressive Utilization Theory (Prout): Alternative Economic and Social Model for the Welfare of All]'' in Working USA: Journal of Labor and Society.
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* Maheshvarananda, Dada. ''[http://www.ru.org/spirituality/will-organized-religions-survive-in-the-new-millennium.html Will Organized Religions Survive in the New Millennium?]'' in New Renaissance, Vol. 9, Number 3.
* Maheshvarananda, Dada. ''[http://www.ru.org/spirituality/will-organized-religions-survive-in-the-new-millennium.html Will Organized Religions Survive in the New Millennium?]'' in New Renaissance, Vol. 9, Number 3.
* Maheshvarananda, Dada. ''[http://www.palgrave-journals.com/development/journal/v46/n4/pdf/1110494a.pdf Revolutionary Consciousness: Development as transformation]'' in Development 46.
* Maheshvarananda, Dada. ''[http://www.palgrave-journals.com/development/journal/v46/n4/pdf/1110494a.pdf Revolutionary Consciousness: Development as transformation]'' in Development 46.
* Maheshvarananda, Dada (2006). ''[http://priven.org/publications/#11 A Personal Remembrance and Conversation with Paulo Freire, Educator of the Oppressed]'' in Neohumanist Educational Futures: Liberating the Pedagogical Intellect, edited by [[Sohail Inayatullah]], [[Marcus Bussey]] and [[Ivana Milojević]], Tapei, Tamkang University Press.
* Maheshvarananda, Dada (2006). ''[http://priven.org/publications/#11 A Personal Remembrance and Conversation with Paulo Freire, Educator of the Oppressed]'' in Neohumanist Educational Futures: Liberating the Pedagogical Intellect, edited by [[Sohail Inayatullah]], Marcus Bussey and Ivana Milojević, Tapei, Tamkang University Press.
* Maheshvarananda, Dada (1985). ''[http://www.proutglobe.org/2011/12/go-with-the-flow/ Go with the Flow]''.
* Maheshvarananda, Dada (1985). ''[http://www.proutglobe.org/2011/12/go-with-the-flow/ Go with the Flow]''.
* Overland, Trond (2011). ''Beyond Collectivism and Individualism: Structural Features of the Prout Economy''. http://www.proutglobe.org/2011/05/beyond-collectivism-and-individualism-structural-features-of-the-prout-economy/.
* Overland, Trond (2011). ''Beyond Collectivism and Individualism: Structural Features of the Prout Economy''. http://www.proutglobe.org/2011/05/beyond-collectivism-and-individualism-structural-features-of-the-prout-economy/.
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* [[Prabhat Ranjan Sarkar|Sarkar, Prabhat Ranjan]] (1982). ''The Liberation of Intellect: Neohumanism''. [[Ananda Marga Publications]]. ISBN 81-7252-168-5.
* [[Prabhat Ranjan Sarkar|Sarkar, Prabhat Ranjan]] (1982). ''The Liberation of Intellect: Neohumanism''. [[Ananda Marga Publications]]. ISBN 81-7252-168-5.
* Shambhushivananda, Ac. Avt. (1989).  ''Prout: Neo-Humanistic Economics''.  Dharma Verlag Publishing.
* Shambhushivananda, Ac. Avt. (1989).  ''Prout: Neo-Humanistic Economics''.  Dharma Verlag Publishing.
* Tadbhavananda, Ac. Avt. (1987). ''Samaj: A New Dimension in Politics''. [[Proutist Universal Publications]].
* Tadbhavananda, Ac. Avt. (1987). ''Samaj: A New Dimension in Politics''. Proutist Universal Publications.


== External links ==
== External links ==
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