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|keywords=prout,sarkar,progressive utilization theory,utilisation,economics,law,politics,social justice,economic democracy,crime,social cycle,five fundamental principles,progress,wealth gap,world government,socioeconomic zones,balanced economy,quadridimensional economics,people's economy,psycho-economy,prama,women's rights,social change,sadvipra | |keywords=prout,sarkar,progressive utilization theory,utilisation,economics,law,politics,social justice,economic democracy,crime,social cycle,five fundamental principles,progress,wealth gap,world government,socioeconomic zones,balanced economy,quadridimensional economics,people's economy,psycho-economy,prama,women's rights,social change,sadvipra | ||
|description= | |description=PROUT, the Progressive Utilization Theory of Prabhat Ranjan Sarkar, is a systematic collection of social, economic, and political principles for a healthy society. | ||
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'''Progressive Utilization Theory''' ( | '''Progressive Utilization Theory''' ('''PROUT''') is the social theory given by [[Prabhat Ranjan Sarkar]]. PROUT is concerned with more than just [[:wikipedia:Property rights|property rights]] and [[:wikipedia:Economics|economics]]. It encompasses the whole of individual and collective existence, not just for human beings but for all beings. Supporters of PROUT (proutists) claim that the theory exposes and overcomes the limitations of both capitalism and communism.<ref>Craig, Edward, ed. (1998). ''Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Sociology of Knowledge to Zoroastrianism''. Routledge (Taylor & Francis). ISBN 0-415-16916-X.</ref> | ||
Sarkar introduced PROUT in 1959. In 1962, he formally outlined PROUT. Throughout the rest of his life, he continually amplified the subject. | Sarkar introduced PROUT in 1959. In 1962, he formally outlined PROUT. Throughout the rest of his life, he continually amplified the subject. | ||
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| 1971–1978 || Sarkar was imprisoned until acquittal. A common belief among his supporters is that the main cause of his arrest was the propounding of PROUT. While imprisoned, Sarkar's mission, including his vision for socioeconomic change embodied in PROUT, spread worldwide. | | 1971–1978 || Sarkar was imprisoned until acquittal. A common belief among his supporters is that the main cause of his arrest was the propounding of PROUT. While imprisoned, Sarkar's mission, including his vision for socioeconomic change embodied in PROUT, spread worldwide. | ||
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| 1978 || Sarkar established Proutist Universal (PU) for the propagation of PROUT around the world. Included in PU are five federations: [[Universal Proutist Farmers Federation]] (UPFF), [[Universal Proutist Intellectuals Federation]] (UPIF), [[Universal Proutist Labor Federation]] (UPLF), [[Universal Proutist Students Federation]] (UPSF), and [[Universal Proutist Youth Federation]] (UPYF). Associated with PU, is [[Girls' PROUT]] (GP), also known as Women's PROUT (WP). | | 1978 || Sarkar established [[Proutist Universal]] (PU) for the propagation of PROUT around the world. Included in PU are five federations: [[Universal Proutist Farmers Federation]] (UPFF), [[Universal Proutist Intellectuals Federation]] (UPIF), [[Universal Proutist Labor Federation]] (UPLF), [[Universal Proutist Students Federation]] (UPSF), and [[Universal Proutist Youth Federation]] (UPYF). Associated with PU, is [[Girls' PROUT]] (GP), also known as Women's PROUT (WP). | ||
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| 1978–1990 || Sarkar continually amplified PROUT throughout the rest of his life. | | 1978–1990 || Sarkar continually amplified PROUT throughout the rest of his life. | ||
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== Five fundamental principles == | == Five fundamental principles == | ||
<imagemap>Image:PROUT SocialPyramid.jpg|Layers of social concern. Flowing upwards, they correspond with the five fundamental principles of PROUT. | {{main|Five Fundamental Principles of PROUT}} | ||
<imagemap>Image:PROUT SocialPyramid.jpg|Layers of social concern. Flowing upwards, they correspond with the five fundamental principles of PROUT. Click a layer to read more on the topic.|220px|thumb | |||
rect 104 394 588 476 [[#Law|Law]] | rect 104 394 588 476 [[#Law|Law]] | ||
rect 140 291 536 384 [[#Economics|Economics]] | rect 140 291 536 384 [[#Economics|Economics]] | ||
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[[Ananda Sutram]] is the commanding authority on all of Sarkar's philosophy. There, in 1962, Sarkar formally outlined PROUT in sixteen numbered [[Samskrta]] aphorisms (see Chapter 5 of ''[[Ananda Sutram]]''<ref>Anandamurti, Shrii Shrii (1962). ''Ánanda Sútram''. [[Ananda Marga Publications]]. ISBN 81–7252–027–1.</ref>). The last five numbered aphorisms (5:12–16) are commonly referred to as the ''five fundamental principles of PROUT''. These five principles are deemed to be ''fundamental'', because it would be difficult to get a clear understanding of PROUT without comprehending the underlying concepts of these principles, the interrelationship of the principles, and their respective areas of application. | |||
The five aphorisms from ''Ananda Sutram'' translate into English as follows:<ref>Bjonnes, Roar (2012). ''Principles for a Balanced Economy: An Introduction to the Progressive Utilization Theory''. Copenhagen, Denmark: PROUT Research Institute. ISBN 978-0-9857585-0-9.</ref> | The five aphorisms from ''Ananda Sutram'' translate into English as follows:<ref>Bjonnes, Roar (2012). ''Principles for a Balanced Economy: An Introduction to the Progressive Utilization Theory''. Copenhagen, Denmark: PROUT Research Institute. ISBN 978-0-9857585-0-9.</ref> | ||
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[[#fp2|The second fundamental principle]] of PROUT reduces economics to its two rudimental elements: production and distribution. To optimize production, PROUT prescribes maximum utilization of all resources, animate and inanimate. To optimize distribution, PROUT prescribes a rational approach (in contrast to [[:wikipedia:Adam Smith|Adam Smith's]] ''[[:wikipedia:Invisible hand|invisible hand]]''<ref>Adam Smith (1759), Section IV.1.10 of ''The Theory of Moral Sentiments''and Adam Smith (1776), Section IV.2.9 of ''An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations'' [http://www.econlib.org/cgi-bin/searchbooks.pl?searchtype=BookSearch&pgct=1&sortby=R&searchfield=F&grp=AllSmith&id=&query=invisible+hand&x=3&y=9&andor=and Library of Economics and Liberty].</ref> and [[:wikipedia:Karl Marx|Karl Marx's]] ''[[:wikipedia:To each according to his contribution|according to contribution]]'' or ''[[:wikipedia:From each according to his ability, to each according to his need|according to need]]''<ref>[[:wikipedia:Karl Marx|Marx, Karl]] (1875). [http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1875/gotha/ch01.htm "Part I"]. ''Critique of the Gotha Program''. Retrieved 2008-07-15.</ref>). To implement such an economy, PROUT analyzes economics in respect to four dimensions: ''[[#People's economy|people's economy]]'', ''[[#Psycho-economy|psycho-economy]]'', ''[[#Commercial economy|commercial economy]]'', and ''[[#General economy|general economy]]''. Regarding these four dimensions of economics, Sarkar states: | |||
{{Quote|''Most economists today understand only a little of the principles of general economy and something of commercial economy, but both of these parts are still in an undeveloped stage. People’s economy and psycho-economy are totally overlooked by modern economists, and as such could find no place in the present mode of economic thinking.''<ref name="ReferenceA">Sarkar, Prabhat Ranjan (1986). "The Parts of the Economy" published in ''A Few Problems Solved Part 7''. [[Ananda Marga Publications]].</ref>}} | {{Quote|''Most economists today understand only a little of the principles of general economy and something of commercial economy, but both of these parts are still in an undeveloped stage. People’s economy and psycho-economy are totally overlooked by modern economists, and as such could find no place in the present mode of economic thinking.''<ref name="ReferenceA">Sarkar, Prabhat Ranjan (1986). "The Parts of the Economy" published in ''A Few Problems Solved Part 7''. [[Ananda Marga Publications]].</ref>}} | ||
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==== Minimum requirements according to era ==== | ==== Minimum requirements according to era ==== | ||
Human longings are unlimited. What is considered to be an [[#Amenities|amenity]] today may be viewed as a ''minimum requirement'' tomorrow. For example, consider cellphones. This is a relatively new technology. The [http://www.google.com/patents?id=nO8tAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom=4#v=onepage&q&f=false first patent] to be taken out on a handheld cellphone was in October 1973.<ref name=radiotelsys>[[:wikipedia:Martin Cooper (inventor)|Martin Cooper]], et al., [http://www.google.com/patents?id=nO8tAAAAEBAJ&dq=martin+cooper "Radio Telephone System"], US Patent number 3,906,166; Filing date: 17 October 1973; Issue date: September 1975; Assignee [[:wikipedia:Motorola|Motorola]]</ref> | Human longings are unlimited. What is considered to be an [[#Amenities|amenity]] today may be viewed as a ''minimum requirement'' tomorrow. For example, consider cellphones. This is a relatively new technology. The [http://www.google.com/patents?id=nO8tAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom=4#v=onepage&q&f=false first patent] to be taken out on a handheld cellphone was in October 1973.<ref name=radiotelsys>[[:wikipedia:Martin Cooper (inventor)|Martin Cooper]], et al., [http://www.google.com/patents?id=nO8tAAAAEBAJ&dq=martin+cooper "Radio Telephone System"], US Patent number 3,906,166; Filing date: 17 October 1973; Issue date: September 1975; Assignee [[:wikipedia:Motorola|Motorola]]</ref> As of 2014, barely 40 years later, there were almost 7 billion mobile phone subscriptions, equivalent to 95.5% of the global population.<ref>[https://mobiforge.com/research-analysis/global-mobile-statistics-2014-part-a-mobile-subscribers-handset-market-share-mobile-operators#subscribers Global mobile statistics 2014 Part A: Mobile subscribers; handset market share; mobile operators]. ''mobiThinking''. 16 May 2014.</ref> In other words, cellphones have even penetrated the [[:wikipedia:Bottom of the pyramid|bottom of the economic pyramid]], effectively making them what PROUT would deem to be a ''minimum requirement according to era''. In the view of PROUT, human society is not just obliged to provide everyone with the [[#Minimum requirements of life|minimum requirements of life]]. Rather, human society is obliged to provide everyone with whatever may constitute the minimum requirements according to era.<ref>Anandamurti, Shrii Shrii (1962). ''[[Ananda Sutram]]'' (Sutra 5:9). [[Ananda Marga Publications]]. ISBN 81–7252–027–1.</ref> | ||
=== Morality === | === Morality === | ||