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Progressive Utilization Theory: Difference between revisions
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== Five fundamental principles == | == Five fundamental principles == | ||
<imagemap>Image:PROUT SocialPyramid.jpg|Layers of social concern. Flowing upwards, they correspond with the five fundamental principles of PROUT. | {{main|Five Fundamental Principles of PROUT}} | ||
<imagemap>Image:PROUT SocialPyramid.jpg|Layers of social concern. Flowing upwards, they correspond with the five fundamental principles of PROUT. Click a layer to read more on the topic.|220px|thumb | |||
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[[Ananda Sutram]] is the commanding authority on all of Sarkar's philosophy. There, in 1962, Sarkar formally outlined PROUT in sixteen numbered [[Samskrta]] aphorisms (see Chapter 5 of ''[[Ananda Sutram]]''<ref>Anandamurti, Shrii Shrii (1962). ''Ánanda Sútram''. [[Ananda Marga Publications]]. ISBN 81–7252–027–1.</ref>). The last five numbered aphorisms (5:12–16) are commonly referred to as the ''five fundamental principles of PROUT''. These five principles are deemed to be ''fundamental'', because it would be difficult to get a clear understanding of PROUT without comprehending the underlying concepts of these principles, the interrelationship of the principles, and their respective areas of application. | |||
The five aphorisms from ''Ananda Sutram'' translate into English as follows:<ref>Bjonnes, Roar (2012). ''Principles for a Balanced Economy: An Introduction to the Progressive Utilization Theory''. Copenhagen, Denmark: PROUT Research Institute. ISBN 978-0-9857585-0-9.</ref> | The five aphorisms from ''Ananda Sutram'' translate into English as follows:<ref>Bjonnes, Roar (2012). ''Principles for a Balanced Economy: An Introduction to the Progressive Utilization Theory''. Copenhagen, Denmark: PROUT Research Institute. ISBN 978-0-9857585-0-9.</ref> | ||
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[[#fp2|The second fundamental principle]] of PROUT reduces economics to its two rudimental elements: production and distribution. To optimize production, PROUT prescribes maximum utilization of all resources, animate and inanimate. To optimize distribution, PROUT prescribes a rational approach (in contrast to [[:wikipedia:Adam Smith|Adam Smith's]] ''[[:wikipedia:Invisible hand|invisible hand]]''<ref>Adam Smith (1759), Section IV.1.10 of ''The Theory of Moral Sentiments''and Adam Smith (1776), Section IV.2.9 of ''An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations'' [http://www.econlib.org/cgi-bin/searchbooks.pl?searchtype=BookSearch&pgct=1&sortby=R&searchfield=F&grp=AllSmith&id=&query=invisible+hand&x=3&y=9&andor=and Library of Economics and Liberty].</ref> and [[:wikipedia:Karl Marx|Karl Marx's]] ''[[:wikipedia:To each according to his contribution|according to contribution]]'' or ''[[:wikipedia:From each according to his ability, to each according to his need|according to need]]''<ref>[[:wikipedia:Karl Marx|Marx, Karl]] (1875). [http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1875/gotha/ch01.htm "Part I"]. ''Critique of the Gotha Program''. Retrieved 2008-07-15.</ref>). To implement such an economy, PROUT analyzes economics in respect to four dimensions: ''[[#People's economy|people's economy]]'', ''[[#Psycho-economy|psycho-economy]]'', ''[[#Commercial economy|commercial economy]]'', and ''[[#General economy|general economy]]''. Regarding these four dimensions of economics, Sarkar states: | |||
{{Quote|''Most economists today understand only a little of the principles of general economy and something of commercial economy, but both of these parts are still in an undeveloped stage. People’s economy and psycho-economy are totally overlooked by modern economists, and as such could find no place in the present mode of economic thinking.''<ref name="ReferenceA">Sarkar, Prabhat Ranjan (1986). "The Parts of the Economy" published in ''A Few Problems Solved Part 7''. [[Ananda Marga Publications]].</ref>}} | {{Quote|''Most economists today understand only a little of the principles of general economy and something of commercial economy, but both of these parts are still in an undeveloped stage. People’s economy and psycho-economy are totally overlooked by modern economists, and as such could find no place in the present mode of economic thinking.''<ref name="ReferenceA">Sarkar, Prabhat Ranjan (1986). "The Parts of the Economy" published in ''A Few Problems Solved Part 7''. [[Ananda Marga Publications]].</ref>}} | ||
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==== Minimum requirements according to era ==== | ==== Minimum requirements according to era ==== | ||
Human longings are unlimited. What is considered to be an [[#Amenities|amenity]] today may be viewed as a ''minimum requirement'' tomorrow. For example, consider cellphones. This is a relatively new technology. The [http://www.google.com/patents?id=nO8tAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom=4#v=onepage&q&f=false first patent] to be taken out on a handheld cellphone was in October 1973.<ref name=radiotelsys>[[:wikipedia:Martin Cooper (inventor)|Martin Cooper]], et al., [http://www.google.com/patents?id=nO8tAAAAEBAJ&dq=martin+cooper "Radio Telephone System"], US Patent number 3,906,166; Filing date: 17 October 1973; Issue date: September 1975; Assignee [[:wikipedia:Motorola|Motorola]]</ref> | Human longings are unlimited. What is considered to be an [[#Amenities|amenity]] today may be viewed as a ''minimum requirement'' tomorrow. For example, consider cellphones. This is a relatively new technology. The [http://www.google.com/patents?id=nO8tAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom=4#v=onepage&q&f=false first patent] to be taken out on a handheld cellphone was in October 1973.<ref name=radiotelsys>[[:wikipedia:Martin Cooper (inventor)|Martin Cooper]], et al., [http://www.google.com/patents?id=nO8tAAAAEBAJ&dq=martin+cooper "Radio Telephone System"], US Patent number 3,906,166; Filing date: 17 October 1973; Issue date: September 1975; Assignee [[:wikipedia:Motorola|Motorola]]</ref> As of 2014, barely 40 years later, there were almost 7 billion mobile phone subscriptions, equivalent to 95.5% of the global population.<ref>[https://mobiforge.com/research-analysis/global-mobile-statistics-2014-part-a-mobile-subscribers-handset-market-share-mobile-operators#subscribers Global mobile statistics 2014 Part A: Mobile subscribers; handset market share; mobile operators]. ''mobiThinking''. 16 May 2014.</ref> In other words, cellphones have even penetrated the [[:wikipedia:Bottom of the pyramid|bottom of the economic pyramid]], effectively making them what PROUT would deem to be a ''minimum requirement according to era''. In the view of PROUT, human society is not just obliged to provide everyone with the [[#Minimum requirements of life|minimum requirements of life]]. Rather, human society is obliged to provide everyone with whatever may constitute the minimum requirements according to era.<ref>Anandamurti, Shrii Shrii (1962). ''[[Ananda Sutram]]'' (Sutra 5:9). [[Ananda Marga Publications]]. ISBN 81–7252–027–1.</ref> | ||
=== Morality === | === Morality === | ||