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Ahimsa: Difference between revisions
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'''Ahimsa''' ({{lang-sa|अहिंसा}}; [[Roman Sanskrit transliteration|Roman Saḿskrta]]: ahiḿsá; [[:wikipedia:IAST|IAST]]: {{IAST|ahiṃsā}}, [[:wikipedia:Pali|Pali]]:<ref name="Johansson2012">{{cite book|author=Rune E. A. Johansson|title=Pali Buddhist Texts: An Introductory Reader and Grammar|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=CXBmlQvw7PwC&pg=PT143|accessdate=8 August 2013|date=6 December 2012|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-11106-8|page=143}}</ref> avihiḿsá) is a term meaning benignity, non-injury. The word is derived from the Sanskrit root ''hiḿs'' – to strike. ''Hiḿsá'' is injury or harm. ''A-hiḿsá'' is the opposite.<ref>Mayton, D. M., & Burrows, C. A. (2012), ''Psychology of Nonviolence'', The Encyclopedia of Peace Psychology, Vol. 1, pages 713-716 and 720-723, Wiley-Blackwell, ISBN 978-1-4051-9644-4</ref><ref> | '''Ahimsa''' ({{lang-sa|अहिंसा}}; [[Roman Sanskrit transliteration|Roman Saḿskrta]]: ahiḿsá; [[:wikipedia:IAST|IAST]]: {{IAST|ahiṃsā}}, [[:wikipedia:Pali|Pali]]:<ref name="Johansson2012">{{cite book|author=Rune E. A. Johansson|title=Pali Buddhist Texts: An Introductory Reader and Grammar|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=CXBmlQvw7PwC&pg=PT143|accessdate=8 August 2013|date=6 December 2012|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-11106-8|page=143}}</ref> avihiḿsá) is a term meaning benignity, non-injury. The word is derived from the Sanskrit root ''hiḿs'' – to strike. ''Hiḿsá'' is injury or harm. ''A-hiḿsá'' is the opposite.<ref>Mayton, D. M., & Burrows, C. A. (2012), ''Psychology of Nonviolence'', The Encyclopedia of Peace Psychology, Vol. 1, pages 713-716 and 720-723, Wiley-Blackwell, ISBN 978-1-4051-9644-4</ref><ref>Encyclopedia Britannica, see Ahimsa</ref> | ||
[[File:Patanjali Statue.jpg|thumb|240px|Statue of Patanjali at Patanjali Yog Peeth, Haridwar]] | [[File:Patanjali Statue.jpg|thumb|240px|Statue of Patanjali at Patanjali Yog Peeth, Haridwar]] | ||
Ahimsa is one of the cardinal virtues<ref name=evpc>Stephen H. Phillips & other authors (2008), in Encyclopedia of Violence, Peace, & Conflict (Second Edition), ISBN 978-0123739858, Elsevier Science, Pages 1347–1356, 701-849, 1867</ref>, the first of ten principles in the ancient tantric/yogic system of morality, ''Yama-Niyama''. As such, it is also an important tenet of major [[:wikipedia:Indian religions|Indian religions]] ([[:wikipedia:Buddhism|Buddhism]], [[:wikipedia:Hinduism|Hinduism]], and [[:wikipedia:Jainism|Jainism]]). Over the years, Ahimsa has been interpreted in many different ways. In his book, [[A Guide to Human Conduct]], Sarkar analyzes the concept of Ahimsa and some popular interpretations of the term.<ref name=GTHC>{{cite book|last=Anandamurti|first=Shrii Shrii|title=A Guide to Human Conduct|year=2004|ISBN= 9788172521035}}</ref> | Ahimsa is one of the cardinal virtues<ref name=evpc>Stephen H. Phillips & other authors (2008), in Encyclopedia of Violence, Peace, & Conflict (Second Edition), ISBN 978-0123739858, Elsevier Science, Pages 1347–1356, 701-849, 1867</ref>, the first of ten principles in the ancient tantric/yogic system of morality, ''Yama-Niyama''. As such, it is also an important tenet of major [[:wikipedia:Indian religions|Indian religions]] ([[:wikipedia:Buddhism|Buddhism]], [[:wikipedia:Hinduism|Hinduism]], and [[:wikipedia:Jainism|Jainism]]). Over the years, Ahimsa has been interpreted in many different ways. In his book, [[A Guide to Human Conduct]], Sarkar analyzes the concept of Ahimsa and some popular interpretations of the term.<ref name=GTHC>{{cite book|last=Anandamurti|first=Shrii Shrii|title=A Guide to Human Conduct|year=2004|ISBN= 9788172521035}}</ref> | ||
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==Various interpretations of Ahimsa== | ==Various interpretations of Ahimsa== | ||
[[File:Sthanakvasi monks.jpg|left|thumb|220px|Some Jain monks wear a mask over their mouth]] | [[File:Sthanakvasi monks.jpg|left|thumb|220px|Some Jain monks wear a mask over their mouth]] | ||
In both [[:wikipedia:Jainism|Jainism]] and [[:wikipedia:Buddhism|Buddhism]], both circa 500BCE, | In both [[:wikipedia:Jainism|Jainism]] and [[:wikipedia:Buddhism|Buddhism]], both circa 500BCE, ahimsa is a key ethical principle. In Jainism, it is the first and main ethical principle. Jain renunciates reject the use of force even when it is required for self-defense. They are often seen wearing a mask over their mouth to avoid the unintentional ingestion of flies. And they have also been known to pour sugar into anthills.<ref name=GTHC/> Buddhists observe a somewhat less strict interpretation of ahimsa. For example, unlike Jains, not all Buddhists are vegetarian. | ||
In modern times, the concept of ahimsa has taken on a new meaning, in large part due to the teachings and activities of [[:wikipedia:Mahatma Gandhi|Mohandas Gandhi]]. According to Gandhi, ahimsa means ''non-violence''. This is perhaps the most extreme interpretation of ahimsa, given the fact that even Jains and Hindus accept the use of violence in self-defense.<ref>''Nisithabhasya'' (in ''Nisithasutra'') 289; Jinadatta Suri: ''Upadesharasayana'' 26; Dundas pp. 162–163; Tähtinen p. 31.</ref><ref>Jindal pp. 89–90; Laidlaw pp. 154–155; Jaini, Padmanabh S.: ''Ahimsa and "Just War" in Jainism'', in: ''Ahimsa, Anekanta and Jainism'', ed. Tara Sethia, New Delhi 2004, p. 52-60; Tähtinen p. 31.</ref> | In modern times, the concept of ahimsa has taken on a new meaning, in large part due to the teachings and activities of [[:wikipedia:Mahatma Gandhi|Mohandas Gandhi]]. According to Gandhi, ahimsa means ''non-violence''. This is perhaps the most extreme interpretation of ahimsa, given the fact that even Jains and Hindus accept the use of violence in self-defense.<ref>''Nisithabhasya'' (in ''Nisithasutra'') 289; Jinadatta Suri: ''Upadesharasayana'' 26; Dundas pp. 162–163; Tähtinen p. 31.</ref><ref>Jindal pp. 89–90; Laidlaw pp. 154–155; Jaini, Padmanabh S.: ''Ahimsa and "Just War" in Jainism'', in: ''Ahimsa, Anekanta and Jainism'', ed. Tara Sethia, New Delhi 2004, p. 52-60; Tähtinen p. 31.</ref> | ||
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